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2018.04
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浙江大å¦åŒ»å¦é™¢é™„属邵逸夫医院消化科
审查å°ç»„
Govind Makharia (主å¸, å°åº¦)
Peter Gibson (è”åˆä¸»å¸, 澳大利亚)
Julio Bai (é˜¿æ ¹å»·)
Sheila Crowe (美国)
Tarkan Karakan (土耳其)
Yeong Yeh Lee (马æ¥è¥¿äºš)
Lyndal McNamara (澳大利亚)
Jane Muir (澳大利亚)
Nevin Oruc (土耳其)
Eamonn Quigley (美国)
David Sanders (英国)
Caroline Tuck (澳大利亚)
Cihan Yurdaydin (土耳其)
Anton LeMair (è·å…°)
(点击展开区段)
本指å—与2016年举行的以“é¥®é£Ÿä¸Žè‚ é“”ä¸ºä¸»é¢˜çš„ä¸–ç•Œæ¶ˆåŒ–å¥åº·æ—¥ï¼ˆWDHD)è”åˆåˆ¶å®šã€‚指å—制定审查å°ç»„ç”±WDHD主题专家和å—邀专家组æˆï¼ŒåŒ…括饮食和è¥å…»ä¸“家,è¯å‰‚师和åˆçº§ä¿å¥åŒ»å¸ˆã€‚
鉴于消化é“åŠå…¶ç›¸å…³å™¨å®˜åœ¨æ¶ˆåŒ–å’Œå¸æ”¶è¿‡ç¨‹ä¸çš„æ ¸å¿ƒä½œç”¨ï¼Œæˆ‘ä»¬åƒçš„é£Ÿç‰©ä¸Žèƒƒè‚ é“åŠå…¶å†…å®¹ç‰©ï¼ˆåŒ…æ‹¬è‚ é“èŒç¾¤ï¼‰ä¹‹é—´å‘生关键和å¤æ‚的相互作用应该ä¸è¶³ä¸ºå¥‡ã€‚这些相互作用的性质ä¸ä»…å—饮食组æˆå’Œèƒƒè‚ é“完整性的影å“,还å—到心ç†å’Œæ–‡åŒ–å› ç´ çš„å½±å“。普通公众-ç‰¹åˆ«æ˜¯é‚£äº›æ‚£æœ‰èƒƒè‚ ç–¾ç—…çš„äºº-æ£ç¡®åœ°è®¤è¯†åˆ°é¥®é£Ÿæ˜¯è¿™äº›ç—‡çŠ¶çš„主è¦å†³å®šå› ç´ ï¼Œå¹¶å¯»æ±‚æœ€ä½³é¥®é£Ÿæ–¹æ¡ˆçš„æŒ‡å¯¼ã€‚é—æ†¾çš„æ˜¯ï¼Œè®¸å¤šåŒ»ç–—ä»Žä¸šè€…ï¼ŒåŒ…æ‹¬èƒƒè‚ ç—…å¦ä¸“家,往往没有准备好应对这些问题。这åæ˜ äº†è®¸å¤šè¯¾ç¨‹ä¸ç¼ºä¹å…³äºŽé¥®é£Ÿå’Œè¥å…»é—®é¢˜çš„教育。
饮食改å˜æœ‰å¯èƒ½ç¼“解症状,但它们也å¯èƒ½å¯¼è‡´ä¸€ä¸ªæˆ–多个方é¢è¥å…»ç¼ºä¹ã€‚å› æ¤ï¼Œè‡³å…³é‡è¦çš„是,医生应尽å¯èƒ½åˆ©ç”¨ç†Ÿç»ƒçš„è¥å…»å¦å®¶/è¥å…»å¸ˆçš„æœåŠ¡æ¥è¯„估特定个体的è¥å…»çŠ¶å†µï¼ŒæŒ‡å¯¼æ‚£è€…制定新的è¥å…»è®¡åˆ’ï¼Œå¹¶ç›‘æµ‹è¿›å±•æƒ…å†µã€‚èƒƒè‚ ç—…å¦ä¸“家也有义务接å—æœ‰å…³èƒƒè‚ é“å¥åº·å’Œç–¾ç—…çš„çŽ°ä»£é¥®é£Ÿä¹ æƒ¯çš„æ•™è‚²ã€‚æˆ‘ä»¬å¸Œæœ›è¯¥æŒ‡å—能æˆä¸ºè¿™æ–¹é¢çš„å®è´µèµ„æºã€‚
饮食一般是一个éžå¸¸å¹¿æ³›çš„ä¸»é¢˜ï¼Œå› æ¤ï¼Œæˆ‘们选择性地关注在æˆäººä¸å…·æœ‰çœŸæ£è‡´ç—…或治疗作用的æŸäº›é¥®é£Ÿå’Œç–¾ç—…:乳糜泻,膳食纤维,FODMAPs(å¯å‘酵的低èšç³–,åŒç³–,å•ç³–和多元醇),碳水化åˆç‰©ä¸è€å—,以åŠé¥®é£Ÿåœ¨è‚ 易激综åˆå¾ï¼ˆIBS)ä¸çš„作用。乳糜泻主题已ç»åœ¨2016年出版的WGO乳糜泻指å—ä¸å¾—到了解决,有关详细信æ¯è¯·å‚é˜…è¯¥æŒ‡å— [1,2]。
WGO“分级管熔,其目的是认识到世界ä¸åŒåœ°åŒºå˜åœ¨ç–¾ç—…æµè¡Œç—…å¦ï¼Œç¤¾ä¼šæ–‡åŒ–å› ç´ å’ŒåŒ»ç–—ä¿å¥æ供方é¢çš„差异,以åŠåœ¨å¤§å¤šæ•°æƒ…å†µä¸‹ï¼Œå®ƒä»¬æ— æ³•é‡‡ç”¨ “一ç§æ¨¡å¼é€‚åˆæ‰€æœ‰”或者å•ä¸€çš„é‡‘æ ‡å‡†æ–¹æ³•ã€‚æœ¬æŒ‡å—ä¸çš„附录列出了制定相关指å—的组织。该全çƒWGO指å—包括一系列分级管ç†æ–¹æ¡ˆï¼Œæ—¨åœ¨ä¸ºèƒƒè‚ é“疾病æ供与环境和资æºç›¸å…³çš„饮食ç–略。通过WGO分级管ç†ï¼ŒWGO指å—旨在æ供在全çƒè®¸å¤šä¸åŒçŽ¯å¢ƒä¸éƒ½é€‚用的临床实践建议。
该WGOé¥®é£Ÿä¸Žè‚ é“指å—旨在供医务人员使用,包括家åºæŠ¤ç†å’Œåˆçº§ä¿å¥åŒ»ç”Ÿï¼Œèƒƒè‚ 病专科医生,è¯å‰‚师,è¥å…»å¦å®¶/è¥å…»å¸ˆã€‚
WGO指å—是在医å¦å’Œç§‘å¦æ–‡çŒ®ï¼ŒçŽ°æœ‰çš„实践指å—å’ŒåŒºåŸŸæœ€ä½³å®žè·µæ ‡å‡†çš„åŸºç¡€ä¸Šè¾¾æˆçš„专家共识,所有å¯ç”¨çš„æ¥æºéƒ½ç”¨äºŽåˆ¶å®šæœ¬æŒ‡å—。EMBASE/Medlineä¸çš„月度高级别è¯æ®æ–‡çŒ®ä¼šå‘é€ç»™å®¡æ ¸å°ç»„æˆå‘˜ï¼Œå¹¶ç”±å›¢é˜Ÿæˆå‘˜å®¡æ ¸ï¼Œä»¥ç¡®å®šä¸‹ä¸€ä¸ªæŒ‡å—æ›´æ–°çš„æ–°è§è§£å’Œè¯æ®ã€‚
表1-3列出了适åˆå„国和地区ä¸åŒèµ„æºï¼ŒèŽ·å–能力,文化和æµè¡Œç—…å¦æ°´å¹³çš„资æºç›¸å…³æ€§é¥®é£Ÿé€‰æ‹©å’Œæ›¿ä»£æ–¹æ¡ˆã€‚
膳食纤维是碳水化åˆç‰©ï¼ˆå¤©ç„¶å’Œåˆæˆçš„),å¯æŠµæŠ—人体å°è‚ 的消化,并ä¿æŒç”Ÿç†æ€§çš„å¥åº·ç›Šå¤„ [3,4]ã€‚çº¤ç»´å¢žåŠ äº†é¥®é£Ÿçš„ä½“ç§¯ï¼Œé™ä½Žäº†é£Ÿç‰©çš„能é‡å¯†åº¦ï¼Œå¯ä»¥æ”¹å–„血糖,预防或å‡å°‘便秘 [3,5]。在许多国家,许多人没有摄入足够的膳食纤维æ¥æ»¡è¶³æŽ¨èç›®æ ‡ [3,5]。良好的膳食纤维æ¥æºåŒ…括:全谷物,åšæžœå’Œç§å,蔬èœå’Œæ°´æžœ [3,5]ã€‚æ‘„å…¥æ›´å¤šçš„è†³é£Ÿçº¤ç»´ä¸Žå‡ ç§æ…¢æ€§ç–¾ç—…(包括心血管疾病和糖尿病)的风险é™ä½Žæœ‰å…³ï¼Œå¹¶ä¸”å¯èƒ½é™ä½Žæ€»æ»äº¡çŽ‡ [5–9]。膳食纤维å¯ä»¥åŒ…å«åœ¨é£Ÿå“æ ‡ç¾ä¸Šçš„è¥å…»ç‰ˆå—ä¸ï¼Œå¹¶ä¸”通常将其列为总碳水化åˆç‰©çš„系列。
2.1.1 膳食纤维的ç§ç±»
食物天然å«æœ‰å¯æº¶æ€§å’Œä¸å¯æº¶æ€§çº¤ç»´ï¼Œåœ¨é«˜çº¤ç»´é¥®é£Ÿä¸ï¼Œè¿™ä¸¤ç§ç±»åž‹çš„纤维å‡å…·æœ‰é‡è¦çš„å¥åº·ç›Šå¤„ [3,5]。尽管纤维的溶解性曾被认为决定了它的生ç†æ•ˆåº”ï¼Œä½†æœ€è¿‘çš„ç ”ç©¶è¡¨æ˜Žï¼Œçº¤ç»´çš„å…¶ä»–æ€§è´¨ï¼Œå°¤å…¶æ˜¯å‘酵性和粘度,更为é‡è¦ï¼Œä¸Žè†³é£Ÿçº¤ç»´ç›¸å…³çš„æ¤ç‰©æˆåˆ†ï¼ˆå¦‚抗氧化剂化åˆç‰©ï¼‰ä¹Ÿå¯èƒ½æœ‰åŠ©äºŽé™ä½Žç–¾ç—…风险 [5,13]。
2.1.2 膳食纤维的益处
有关天然纤维的物ç†ç‰¹æ€§å’Œç”Ÿç†å¦ç›Šå¤„的总结,请å‚è§è¡¨5。以下是与高纤维饮食相关的明确有益的生ç†æ•ˆåº”列表 [12]:
æ¤å¤–,膳食纤维的以下生ç†æ•ˆåº”被认为是å¯èƒ½çš„,但需è¦è¿›ä¸€æ¥çš„科å¦è¯æ® [12]:
2.1.3 è†³é£Ÿçº¤ç»´ä¸Žè‚ é“èŒç¾¤çš„相互作用
摄入的纤维å¯èƒ½ä¼šå½±å“粪便èŒç¾¤ï¼Œå¼•èµ·å¤æ‚çš„èƒƒè‚ é“环境的å˜åŒ–,并促进细èŒï¼Œç‰¹åˆ«æ˜¯æ½œåœ¨çš„有益细èŒçš„生长 [14–16]。低èšç³–,包括低èšæžœç³–和低èšåŠä¹³ç³–,èŠç²‰ï¼Œä»¥åŠå¯èƒ½çš„其它å¯æº¶æ€§çº¤ç»´ï¼Œå› æ¤è¢«è®¤ä¸ºæ˜¯å¯ä»¥åˆºæ¿€ç»“è‚ ä¸ä¹³é…¸æ†èŒï¼ŒåŒæ§æ†èŒå’Œå…¶å®ƒä¿ƒè¿›å¥åº·çš„细èŒä¼˜å…ˆç”Ÿé•¿çš„益生元 [3,14–16]ã€‚è‚ é“èŒç¾¤è¢«è®¤ä¸ºé€šè¿‡å¤šç§æœºåˆ¶åœ¨äººç±»å¥åº·å’Œç–¾ç—…预防ä¸å‘挥关键作用,包括产生çŸé“¾è„‚肪酸(SCFA),这对维æŒè‚ é“稳æ€å’Œæœ€ä½³å…疫功能至关é‡è¦ [3,14–16]ã€‚è‚ é“èŒç¾¤çš„å˜åŒ–与许多常è§ç—…ç—‡æœ‰å…³ï¼ŒåŒ…æ‹¬è‚ æ˜“æ¿€ç»¼åˆå¾ï¼Œè‚¥èƒ–症,心血管疾病和哮喘 [15,16]ã€‚è‚ é“èŒç¾¤ï¼Œè†³é£Ÿçº¤ç»´å’Œå¥åº·ç»“局之间的关系是一个快速引起关注的领域,但需è¦è‰¯å¥½çš„人体试验以确认在动物和æµè¡Œç—…å¦ç ”究ä¸æ³¨æ„到的这ç§å…³è”性 [15,16]。
2.2.1 便秘
结论:高纤维饮食å¯é˜²æ¢ä¾¿ç§˜ï¼Œå¹¶å¯¹æ²»ç–—便秘有效。建议通过饮食和/或补充剂é€æ¸å¢žåŠ 纤维摄入é‡è‡³20-30å…‹/天并足é‡é¥®æ°´ã€‚欧车å‰è¡¥å……剂å¯èƒ½é€‚用于慢性便秘的治疗。纤维在其它形å¼çš„便秘ä¸çš„作用是有é™çš„,并且高纤维饮食å¯èƒ½åŠ 剧一些个体的症状。
2.2.2 è‚ æ˜“æ¿€ç»¼åˆå¾ (IBS)
结论:高度å¯å‘酵的纤维,包括低èšç³–å’ŒèŠç²‰ï¼Œä»¥åŠéº¦éº¸å¯èƒ½ä¼šåŠ 剧IBS的症状。 最有力的è¯æ®è¡¨æ˜Žï¼Œä½œä¸ºä½ŽFODMAP饮食方法的一部分,å‡å°‘这些å¯å‘酵纤维的摄入é‡ï¼ˆå‚è§ç¬¬3节)对于控制大多数IBS患者的症状是有效的。 相å,包括欧车å‰ï¼Œäºšéº»ç±½å’Œç”²åŸºçº¤ç»´ç´ çš„å¯æº¶æ€§çº¤ç»´è¡¥å……剂具有治疗益处,特别是在IBS-Cä¸ã€‚
2.2.3 ç‚Žç—‡æ€§è‚ ç—… (IBD)
结论: ç›®å‰ç¼ºä¹è¯æ®æ”¯æŒè†³é£Ÿçº¤ç»´åœ¨IBDä¸çš„治疗作用。 å› æ¤ï¼Œéœ€è¦è¿›ä¸€æ¥çš„高质é‡ç ”ç©¶ã€‚é™¤è‚ æ¢—é˜»å¤–ï¼ŒIBD患者ä¸åº”é™åˆ¶è†³é£Ÿçº¤ç»´çš„æ‘„å…¥é‡ã€‚作为低FODMAP饮食方法的一部分,åˆå¹¶IBSçš„IBD患者å¯ä»¥ä»Žå‡å°‘摄入高度å¯å‘酵纤维ä¸èŽ·ç›Šã€‚
2.2.4 憩室病
结论:食用高纤维饮食å¯èƒ½å¯¹æ†©å®¤ç—…çš„å‘展具有ä¿æŠ¤ä½œç”¨ï¼Œä½Žçº¤ç»´é¥®é£Ÿæ‚£è€…产生并å‘症(憩室炎)的风险å¯èƒ½æ›´é«˜ã€‚憩室炎患者建议çŸæœŸä½¿ç”¨ä½Žçº¤ç»´é¥®é£Ÿã€‚但是,所有这些建议仅得到有é™è¯æ®å’Œä¸“家æ„è§çš„支æŒã€‚
2.2.5 ç»“ç›´è‚ ç™Œ
ç»“è®ºï¼šé˜Ÿåˆ—ç ”ç©¶çš„è¯æ®é€šå¸¸è¡¨æ˜Žï¼Œé«˜çº¤ç»´é¥®é£Ÿå¯¹ç»“ç›´è‚ ç™Œå…·æœ‰ä¿æŠ¤ä½œç”¨ï¼›ä½†æ˜¯ï¼Œä¸ç¡®å®šè¿™ç§å…³ç³»æ˜¯å¦å…·æœ‰å› 果关系。需è¦è¿›ä¸€æ¥çš„高质é‡ç ”究,以é˜æ˜Žè¿™ç§å…³ç³»å¹¶ç¡®å®šæ½œåœ¨çš„作用机制。
2.2.6 低纤维饮食的临床适应è¯
ç»“è®ºï¼šä½Žçº¤ç»´é¥®é£Ÿå¯¹èƒƒè‚ é“疾病和手术的治疗作用è¯æ®æœ‰é™ã€‚然而,这在临床实践ä¸æ˜¯å¸¸è§çš„,并且çŸæœŸä½¿ç”¨å‡ 乎没有è¥å…»é£Žé™©ã€‚低纤维饮食å¯ç”¨äºŽè¯Šæ–æ“作å‰çš„è‚ é“准备,并å¯æ高患者满æ„度和ä¾ä»Žæ€§ã€‚
推è膳食纤维摄入é‡çš„ç›®æ ‡åœ¨å…¨çƒèŒƒå›´å†…有所ä¸åŒï¼ˆè¡¨6)。然而,指å—通常建议摄入> 20å…‹/天 [4,5]。在全çƒè®¸å¤šå›½å®¶ï¼Œå®žé™…膳食纤维摄入é‡ä½ŽäºŽæŽ¨è剂é‡ï¼Œä½†åœ¨åƒæ’’哈拉以å—éžæ´²ä»¥æ¤ç‰©æ€§é¥®é£Ÿä¸ºä¸»çš„地区摄入明显增高(图 1) [3–5]。
é€šè¿‡å¢žåŠ æ—¥å¸¸é£Ÿç‰©æ¨¡å¼çš„å¤šæ ·æ€§å¯ä»¥å®žçŽ°è¶³å¤Ÿçš„膳食纤维摄入 [5]。æ¯å¤©è‡³å°‘åƒ400克或5份水果和蔬èœå¯é™ä½Žæ‚£æ…¢æ€§ç–¾ç—…的风险,并有助于确ä¿æ¯æ—¥æ‘„入足够的膳食纤维 [11,35]ã€‚å…³äºŽå¢žåŠ é«˜çº¤ç»´é£Ÿç‰©ï¼ˆå¦‚å…¨è°·ç±»ï¼Œè±†ç±»ï¼Œæ°´æžœå’Œè”¬èœï¼‰æ‘„入的饮食信æ¯åº”得到食å“å’Œè¥å…»ä¸“ä¸šäººå‘˜çš„å¹¿æ³›æ”¯æŒ [5,35]。
虽然消费者也将纤维补充剂和容积性泻è¯ä½œä¸ºé¢å¤–的纤维æ¥æºï¼Œä½†æœ€å¥½çš„建议是ä¾é 食物摄入纤维。有关纤维补充剂的生ç†æœ‰æ•ˆæ€§çš„ç ”ç©¶å¾ˆå°‘[5]ã€‚è¿‡å¿«å¢žåŠ é¥®é£Ÿä¸çš„纤维会导致产气增多,腹胀和腹部痉挛ç‰ç—‡çŠ¶ï¼Œå› æ¤ï¼Œåº”始终建议é€æ¸å¢žåŠ æ‘„å…¥é‡ [5]。
膳食纤维的良好æ¥æºåŒ…括:全麦制å“,水果,蔬èœï¼Œè±†ç±»ï¼Œè±Œè±†ï¼Œä»¥åŠåšæžœå’Œç§åã€‚æ ‡è®°ä¸º“高纤维”的食物通常æ¯ä»½å«æœ‰è‡³å°‘5g纤维。但是,食å“æ ‡ç¾è¦æ±‚å› å›½å®¶è€Œå¼‚ [4,5]。
常è§çš„高纤维食物的例å包括 [36]:
æ¶ˆè´¹è€…å¯¹å¢žåŠ çº¤ç»´æ‘„å…¥é‡æ„Ÿå…´è¶£ï¼Œä½†ä¾ä»Žæ€§å’ŒèŠ±è´¹æž„æˆæŒ‘战。尽管报é“有获益,但膳食改å˜éœ€è¦æ”¹å˜é•¿æœŸä¹ 惯并且难以实现。 ç»´æŒé¥®é£Ÿå˜åŒ–需è¦åŠ¨åŠ›ï¼Œè¡Œä¸ºæŠ€èƒ½ï¼Œä»¥åŠæ”¯æŒæ€§çš„社会和政治环境(表7)[5,37]。
éšç€æ—¶é—´çš„æŽ¨ç§»ï¼Œè®¸å¤šå› ç´ å’Œå¤æ‚的相互作用会影å“个体饮食模å¼çš„æ¼”å˜å’Œå½¢æˆï¼šå¦‚收入,食å“ä»·æ ¼ï¼ˆå¥åº·é£Ÿå“çš„å¯èŽ·å¾—性和å¯è´Ÿæ‹…性),个人åå¥½å’Œä¿¡ä»°ï¼Œæ–‡åŒ–ä¼ ç»Ÿä»¥åŠåœ°ç†ï¼ŒçŽ¯å¢ƒï¼Œç¤¾ä¼šå’Œç»æµŽå› ç´ [35]。
请å‚è§ 1.2分级管ç†ï¼Œè¡¨ 1。
3.1.1 什么是低FODMAP饮食?
低FODMAP饮食由澳大利亚墨尔本莫纳什大å¦çš„ç ”ç©¶äººå‘˜å¼€å‘ï¼Œç”¨äºŽå¸®åŠ©è‚ æ˜“æ¿€ç»¼åˆå¾ï¼ˆIBS)患者 [38–40]ã€‚å…¨ä¸–ç•Œçš„ç ”ç©¶çŽ°å·²è¯å®žï¼Œé¥®é£Ÿå¯æœ‰æ•ˆæŽ§åˆ¶IBS的症状 [41–45]。
“FODMAP”是首å—æ¯ç¼©ç•¥è¯ï¼Œä»£è¡¨ï¼šå¯å‘酵的低èšç³–,åŒç³–,å•ç³–和多元醇。
首å—æ¯ç¼©ç•¥è¯å°†ç‰¹å®šç±»åž‹çš„çŸé“¾ç¢³æ°´åŒ–åˆç‰©ç»„åˆåœ¨ä¸€èµ·ï¼Œè¿™äº›ç¢³æ°´åŒ–åˆç‰©åœ¨å°è‚ ä¸è¢«ç¼“æ…¢å¸æ”¶æˆ–ä¸è¢«æ¶ˆåŒ–。由于它们的分åé‡å°ï¼Œå®ƒä»¬é€šè¿‡æ¸—é€ä½œç”¨å¢žåŠ å°è‚ çš„å«æ°´é‡ï¼Œå¹¶ä¸”å› ä¸ºå®ƒä»¬å¾ˆå®¹æ˜“è¢«ç»†èŒå‘酵,它们在å‘å¤§è‚ çš„è¾“é€è¿‡ç¨‹ä¸å¯¼è‡´äº§æ°” [38,39,46]。 å› æ¤ï¼ŒFODMAPå¯ä»¥æ‰©å¼ ï¼ˆæˆ–ä¼¸å±•ï¼‰è‚ é“。对牵拉高æ•çš„IBSæ‚£è€…ï¼Œå°±ä¼šäº§ç”Ÿè¯¸å¦‚è…¹ç—›ï¼Œè…¹èƒ€ï¼Œè¿‡åº¦èƒƒè‚ èƒ€æ°”å’ŒæŽ’ä¾¿ä¹ æƒ¯æ”¹å˜ï¼ˆä¾¿ç§˜å’Œ/或腹泻)ç‰ç—‡çŠ¶ [47]。图2æ ¹æ®å…¶åŠŸèƒ½ç‰¹æ€§å¯¹ä¸å¯æ¶ˆåŒ–和缓慢å¸æ”¶çš„碳水化åˆç‰©è¿›è¡Œåˆ†ç±» [48]。
低FODMAP饮食包括å‡å°‘五个主è¦ç¢³æ°´åŒ–åˆç‰©äºšç»„的膳食摄入é‡ï¼š
低FODMAP饮食的目的是帮助患者控制症状,然åŽç¡®å®šç‰¹å®šçš„é£Ÿç‰©è¯±å› ã€‚ 这是通过最åˆçš„饮食å‡å°‘所有FODMAP摄入,然åŽè¿›è¡Œç–略性é‡æ–°å›žæ·»é£Ÿç‰©æ¥å®žçŽ°çš„。然åŽæ‚£è€…能够éµå¾ªä»–们自己的饮食改良版本。 但是ä¸å»ºè®®é•¿æœŸéµå¾ªä¸¥æ ¼çš„低FODMAP饮食。
莫纳什大å¦èƒƒè‚ ç—…å¦ç³»å¯¹å„ç§é£Ÿå“çš„FODMAPå«é‡è¿›è¡Œäº†åˆ†æžï¼Œç ”究结果å‘è¡¨åœ¨è®¸å¤šç ”ç©¶è®ºæ–‡ä¸ [49–52]。 通过大å¦å¼€å‘的智能手机应用程åºå‘公众æä¾›FODMAP食å“的完整清å•-分为低,ä¸ï¼Œé«˜ä¸‰ç±» [53]。
3.1.2 如何实施低FODMAP饮食:回添和问题/å±€é™æ€§
低FODMAP饮食最好在ç»éªŒä¸°å¯Œçš„è¥å…»å¸ˆçš„帮助下实施。 表8æ供了临床管ç†æ¦‚述,包括家åºåŒ»ç”Ÿï¼ˆå…¨ç§‘åŒ»ç”Ÿï¼‰æˆ–èƒƒè‚ ç—…ä¸“ç§‘åŒ»ç”Ÿå’Œè¥å…»å¸ˆçš„角色。 饮食实施å¯ä»¥åˆ†ä¸‰æ¥è¿›è¡Œï¼ˆè¡¨9)
é¦–å…ˆï¼Œæ‚£è€…åº”è¢«ç¡®å®šä¸ºå…·æœ‰åŠŸèƒ½æ€§è‚ é“症状,并且应该在其饮食改å˜ä¹‹å‰å°†å…¶å®ƒç—…症如乳糜泻充分排除。这很é‡è¦ï¼Œå› 为饮食调整å¯èƒ½ä¼šå½±å“乳糜泻ç‰æ£€æµ‹çš„准确性。然åŽåº”该让患者了解å‡å°‘饮食ä¸é«˜FODMAP食物的方法,通常为期2-6周 [55]。这个åˆå§‹é˜¶æ®µçš„主è¦ç›®çš„是改善症状。患者最好由ç»éªŒä¸°å¯Œçš„è¥å…»å¸ˆæ ¹æ®é£Ÿç‰©çš„FODMAPå«é‡è¿›è¡ŒåŸ¹è®ï¼Œä»¥ç¡®ä¿ä»–们了解è¦é¿å…的食物-é‡è¦çš„是,在åˆå§‹é˜¶æ®µè¦åŒ…括哪些食物。ä¸åº”排除所有食物;相å,应对æ¯ç»„食物ä¸é€‰æ‹©çš„食物类型进行更改。例如,具有高FODMAPå«é‡çš„苹果å¯æ”¹å˜ä¸ºå…·æœ‰ä½ŽFODMAPå«é‡çš„æ©™å。这对维æŒè¥å…»å……足性很é‡è¦ [55]。患者应了解FODMAPs的作用机制和剂é‡çš„å½±å“,以便掌æ¡é¥®é£Ÿè¿‡ç¨‹ã€‚
第二阶段是回添阶段,其目的是确定æ¯ä¸ªäººçš„特殊的诱å‘食物。所有高FODMAP食物ä¸å¤ªå¯èƒ½å¼•èµ·æ¯ä¸ªäººçš„ç—‡çŠ¶ï¼Œå› æ¤ï¼Œç–略性回添食物æ¥ç¡®å®šæ¯ä¸ªFODMAP亚组的è€å—æ°´å¹³ [56]。è¥å…»å¸ˆçš„指导帮助患者测试æ¯ä¸ªFODMAP亚组,包括剂é‡å应,摄入频率和多ç§é«˜FODMAPé£Ÿç‰©çš„ç´¯åŠ æ•ˆåº” [56]。FODMAP的个体è€å—性差异很大。个体内的è€å—性也å¯ä»¥æ ¹æ®å…¶å®ƒå› ç´ è€Œå˜åŒ–,包括压力水平。
最åŽé˜¶æ®µæ˜¯ç»´æŒé˜¶æ®µã€‚ ç»´æŒé˜¶æ®µçš„目的是让患者尽å¯èƒ½å¤šåœ°å°†é«˜FODMAP食物é‡æ–°å¼•å…¥é¥®é£Ÿä¸ï¼ŒåŒæ—¶ä»ä¿æŒè‰¯å¥½çš„症状控制。任何è€å—性良好的食物都应é‡æ–°åŠ 入饮食ä¸ã€‚ä¸åº¦è€å—的食物å¯èƒ½ä¼šå¶å°”é‡æ–°å¼•å…¥ï¼Œè€Œè€å—性差的食物应该继ç»é¿å… [56]。从长远æ¥çœ‹ï¼Œé¼“励患者应ä¸æ—¶çš„é‡æ–°æ‘„å…¥è€å—性差的食物,以便é‡æ–°è¯„ä¼°å…¶è€å—性。
低FODMAP饮食å¯èƒ½ä¼šæ”¹å–„或æ¶åŒ–个人的生活质é‡; 然而,大多数数æ®è¡¨æ˜Žï¼Œä½ŽFODMAP饮食ä¸ä¼šå¯¼è‡´ç”Ÿæ´»è´¨é‡ä¸‹é™ï¼Œç”šè‡³å¯èƒ½æ”¹å–„ç”Ÿæ´»è´¨é‡ [61]。最近å‘表的一项针对IBSæ‚£è€…çš„å®‰æ…°å‰‚å¯¹ç…§ç ”ç©¶æŠ¥å‘Šï¼Œä¸Žå®‰æ…°å‰‚ç›¸æ¯”ï¼Œä½ŽFODMAP饮食å¯å……分缓解症状和显著é™ä½Žç—‡çŠ¶è¯„分 [62]。
由于饮食改å˜å¯èƒ½äº§ç”Ÿè¿™äº›æ½œåœ¨çš„ä¸åˆ©å½±å“ï¼Œå› æ¤ï¼Œå»ºè®®ä»…对症状严é‡ä¸”需è¦æŒç»é™åˆ¶é¥®é£Ÿæ¥æŽ§åˆ¶ç—‡çŠ¶çš„患者åšæŒé•¿æœŸä½ŽFODMAPé¥®é£Ÿã€‚å› æ¤ï¼ŒæŽ¨èé‡æ–°å¼•å…¥å«é«˜FODMAP的食物以确定患者的è€å—阈值。
3.2.1 低FODMAP饮食适应è¯
使用低FODMAP饮食的大多数è¯æ®éƒ½æ˜¯é’ˆå¯¹IBS患者的。如上所述,在实施低FODMAP饮食之å‰ï¼Œæ‚£è€…确立IBS的临床诊æ–并排除其它疾病是很é‡è¦çš„。
å…³äºŽåœ¨ç‚Žç—‡æ€§è‚ ç—…ï¼ˆIBD)(克罗æ©ç—…å’Œæºƒç–¡æ€§ç»“è‚ ç‚Žï¼‰æ‚£è€…ä¸ä½¿ç”¨ä½ŽFODMAP饮食有少é‡è¯æ® [26,63]。在IBD患者ä¸ï¼ŒIBSæ ·ç—‡çŠ¶æ¯”è¾ƒå¸¸è§ã€‚å› æ¤ï¼Œåœ¨IBDä¸ä½¿ç”¨ä½ŽFODMAP饮食的目的在于控制IBSæ ·ç—‡çŠ¶ï¼Œè€Œä¸æ˜¯æ²»ç–—与疾病本身相关的炎症。这也å¯èƒ½é€‚用于患有乳糜泻的患者。
ç›®å‰æ£åœ¨ç ”究使用低FODMAP饮食治疗其它疾病,如å宫内膜异ä½ç—‡ [64], 婴儿腹痛 [65], 功能性消化ä¸è‰¯ï¼Œçº¤ç»´è‚Œç—› [66], 硬皮病和慢性疲劳综åˆç—‡ã€‚然而,在这些æ¡ä»¶ä¸‹ä½¿ç”¨ä½ŽFODMAP饮食的è¯æ®å¾ˆå°‘ï¼Œå› æ¤ï¼Œä¸å»ºè®®åœ¨çŽ°é˜¶æ®µä½¿ç”¨ã€‚
3.2.2 低FODMAP饮食,功能性消化ä¸è‰¯ï¼ˆFD)和IBS
IBS与功能性消化ä¸è‰¯ï¼ˆFD)之间å˜åœ¨ç›¸å½“多的症状é‡å 。功能性消化ä¸è‰¯ä»¥è…¹èƒ€ï¼Œå—³æ°”,上腹疼痛和ä¸é€‚为特å¾æ€§ç—‡çŠ¶ã€‚许多患者åŒæ—¶ç»åŽ†FDå’ŒIBS。虽然低FODMAP饮食对FDå½±å“的相关数æ®æœ‰é™ï¼Œä½†æœ‰ä¸ªæ¡ˆæŠ¥é“,它å¯ç”¨äºŽç¼“解症状 [67]。需è¦è¿›ä¸€æ¥çš„æ•°æ®æ¥è¯„估低FODMAP饮食对FD患者的影å“。
请å‚阅 1.2 分级管ç†ï¼Œè¡¨2。
4.1.1 术è¯å®šä¹‰
4.1.2 æ£ç¡®è®¤è¯†ä¹³ç³–ä¸è€å—:何时有æ„义?
æ–奶åŽï¼Œä¹³ç³–酶的表达在65-75%人群ä¸ä¸‹è°ƒã€‚乳糖å¸æ”¶ä¸è‰¯åœ¨äºšæ´²ï¼Œå—美洲和éžæ´²çš„人群ä¸æ›´ä¸ºæ™®é [69]。乳糖酶æŒç»å˜åœ¨ï¼ˆæˆäººä¸æŒç»çš„乳糖酶产生)是一ç§é—ä¼ å†³å®šçš„ç‰¹æ€§ï¼Œæœ€å¸¸è§äºŽæ¬§æ´²å’ŒæŸäº›éžæ´²ï¼Œä¸ä¸œå’Œå—亚人群 [70]。
ä¹³ç³–é…¶æ´»æ€§ä¸§å¤±çš„é€ŸçŽ‡å› ç§æ—而异。与犹太人æ–奶åŽ7年和北欧人æ–奶åŽ18-20年相比,ä¸å›½äººå’Œæ—¥æœ¬äººåœ¨æ–奶åŽ3-4年内丧失了80-90%的乳糖酶活性 [71]。
继å‘性乳糖ä¸è€å—å¯ç”±å°è‚ æŸä¼¤å¼•èµ·ï¼Œå¦‚未ç»æ²»ç–—çš„ä¹³ç³œæ³»æˆ–ç—…æ¯’æ€§èƒƒè‚ ç‚Žã€‚ä¸€æ—¦åŽŸå‘疾病得到治疗,继å‘性的乳糖ä¸è€å—通常是å¯é€†çš„ [69]。
与乳糖ä¸è€å—ä¸åŒï¼Œç‰›å¥¶è¿‡æ•æ˜¯å¯¹ç‰›å¥¶è›‹ç™½è´¨çš„ç‚Žç—‡å应。乳糖ä¸è€å—和牛奶过æ•æœ‰é‡å çš„ç—‡çŠ¶ï¼Œå› æ¤æœ‰å¯èƒ½è¯¯è¯Šã€‚牛奶蛋白过æ•å‘生在2-6%çš„å©´å„¿å’Œ0.1-0.5%çš„æˆäºº [72]ã€‚é™¤äº†èƒƒè‚ é“症状外,牛奶蛋白过æ•è¿˜å¯å¯¼è‡´çš®è‚¤ç—‡çŠ¶ï¼ˆçº¢æ–‘ã€ç˜™ç—’)和呼å¸ç³»ç»Ÿç—‡çŠ¶ï¼ˆå–˜æ¯ã€å‘¼å¸å›°éš¾ï¼‰ï¼Œç”šè‡³è¿‡æ•å应 [72]。由于æŸäº›ç—‡çŠ¶çš„相似性,å¥åº·ä¸“业人员必须æ„识到两者之间的差异。牛奶过æ•ä¹Ÿå¯ç”±ä¹³ç³–å«é‡æœ€ä½Žçš„乳制å“(如硬奶酪)引起。
4.1.3 乳糖ä¸è€å—的症状
乳糖ä¸è€å—çš„å…¸åž‹ç—‡çŠ¶åŒ…æ‹¬è…¹ç—›ï¼Œè…¹èƒ€ï¼Œèƒƒè‚ èƒ€æ°”ï¼Œè…¹æ³»å’Œè…¹é¸£ã€‚å®ƒä¹Ÿå¯èƒ½å¯¼è‡´æ¶å¿ƒå’Œå‘•å,尽管这些ä¸å¤ªå¸¸è§ [69]。
在患有常è§æˆäººåž‹ä½Žä¹³ç³–酶症的患者ä¸ï¼Œäº§ç”Ÿç—‡çŠ¶æ‰€éœ€çš„摄入乳糖é‡ä¸º12至18克或8-12盎å¸ç‰›å¥¶ã€‚摄入少é‡è‡³ä¸ç‰é‡çš„ä¹³ç³–é€šå¸¸ä¼šå¯¼è‡´è…¹èƒ€ï¼Œç—‰æŒ›å’Œèƒƒè‚ èƒ€æ°”ï¼Œä½†ä¸ä¼šå¼•èµ·è…¹æ³»ã€‚摄入较大é‡çš„ä¹³ç³–ï¼Œè¾ƒå¿«çš„èƒƒæŽ’ç©ºæ—¶é—´å’Œè¾ƒå¿«çš„è‚ é“转è¿æ—¶é—´éƒ½ä¼šå¯¼è‡´æ›´ä¸¥é‡çš„ç—‡çŠ¶ã€‚æœ‰å‡ ä¸ªå› ç´ å†³å®šäº†ä¹³ç³–ä¸è€å—症状的å‘生,例如饮食ä¸çš„乳糖å«é‡ï¼Œè‚ é“转è¿æ—¶é—´ï¼Œè‚ é“微生物的å‘酵能力,内è„高æ•æ„Ÿ [73], 和(å¯èƒ½çš„)神ç»å¿ƒç†å› ç´ [74]。
4.1.4 如何诊æ–:在资æºæœ‰é™å’Œèµ„æºå……足的环境ä¸
乳糖ä¸è€å—的诊æ–基于乳糖摄入åŽç—‡çŠ¶çš„自我报告 [54]。确定乳糖ä¸è€å—患者能够è€å—的乳糖剂é‡å¯¹äºŽç¡®å®šå…¶å¯¹å¥åº·çš„å½±å“至关é‡è¦ [68]。乳糖å¸æ”¶ä¸è‰¯é€šå¸¸ä¸Žç—‡çŠ¶æ— 关。åªæœ‰å½“乳糖å¸æ”¶ä¸è‰¯å¼•èµ·ç—‡çŠ¶æ—¶æ‰èƒ½è¯Šæ– “乳糖ä¸è€å—”。
*由于有些人ä¸è€ä¹³è„‚(三酰甘油)。
4.1.5 如何治疗
治疗乳糖ä¸è€å—有两ç§ä¸»è¦æ–¹æ³•ï¼šé€šè¿‡é¥®é£Ÿä¸é¿å…å«æœ‰å¤§é‡ä¹³ç³–的食物(表12),或使用β-åŠä¹³ç³–苷酶水解食物ä¸å«æœ‰çš„乳糖。
应考虑å‡å°‘大剂é‡ä¹³ç³–的摄入。这å¯ä»¥é€šè¿‡å‡å°‘乳糖å«é‡é«˜çš„产å“å’Œ/æˆ–ä½¿ç”¨æ— ä¹³ç³–äº§å“æ¥å®žçŽ°ã€‚牛奶和酸奶ç‰ä¹³åˆ¶å“å¯ä»¥ä¸Žβ-åŠä¹³ç³–苷酶共åŒåµè‚²ï¼Œä»¥æ°´è§£ä¹³ç³–ã€‚åœ¨ä¸€äº›å›½å®¶ï¼Œå¯¹æ— ä¹³ç³–äº§å“的需求ä¸æ–å¢žåŠ ï¼Œæ— ä¹³ç³–ç‰›å¥¶ï¼Œé…¸å¥¶ï¼Œå¥¶é…ªï¼Œå¥¶æ²¹å’Œå†°æ·‡æ·‹åº”è¿è€Œç”Ÿã€‚然而,鉴于其乳糖å«é‡æœ€ä½Žï¼Œå¯¹æ— 乳糖奶酪和奶油ç‰äº§å“的需求值得商榷 [54]。
4.2.1 术è¯çš„定义
4.2.2 å¯èƒ½çš„机制
4.2.3 果糖摄入
对果糖摄入é‡çš„估计表明,近年æ¥æ€»æžœç³–æ‘„å…¥é‡å¢žåŠ ,这主è¦æ˜¯ç”±äºŽé«˜æžœç³–çŽ‰ç±³ç³–æµ†çš„ä½¿ç”¨å¢žåŠ ã€‚ç¾Žå›½ä¸€é¡¹å¯¹1977-1978å¹´å’Œ1999-2004年期间摄入é‡è¿›è¡Œæ¯”è¾ƒçš„ç ”ç©¶å‘现,果糖消耗é‡å 能é‡æ‘„å…¥é‡çš„æ¯”ä¾‹ä»…å¢žåŠ 1%,而碳水化åˆç‰©æ€»æ‘„å…¥é‡å¢žåŠ 了41ï¼…[74,81]ã€‚è¯¥ç ”ç©¶è¡¨æ˜Žï¼Œæžœç³–çš„æ‘„å…¥é‡å¢žåŠ 并ä¸å¦‚想象的那么显著。在1999-2004年间,水果和水果产å“是膳食果糖的主è¦æ¥æº [81]。
4.2.4 饮食调整
ç ”ç©¶è¿‡é‡æžœç³–å¯¹èƒƒè‚ é“症状的影å“çš„æ—©æœŸç ”ç©¶é›†ä¸åœ¨å•ç‹¬çš„果糖或果糖与山梨糖醇的组åˆã€‚然而,果糖é™åˆ¶é¥®é£Ÿçš„æ述很少。由于过é‡çš„æžœç³–é€šå¸¸ä¸Žå…¶ä»–å¯¹è‚ é“有相似作用的çŸé“¾ç¢³æ°´åŒ–åˆç‰©ï¼ˆå³FODMAPs)一起食用,这些特定碳水化åˆç‰©æ˜¯è”åˆä½œç”¨å¯¼è‡´èƒƒè‚ é“症状的å‘生,而ä¸æ˜¯å®ƒä»¬å„自的作用引å‘症状 [49–51]。作为低FODMAP饮食的一部分,这组å¯å‘酵碳水化åˆç‰©ä¸Žå¤šè¾¾å››åˆ†ä¹‹ä¸‰çš„åŠŸèƒ½æ€§èƒƒè‚ é“疾病患者的症状改善有关 [40,41,44,82]。
4.2.5 建议
è”—ç³–é…¶-异麦芽糖酶缺ä¹ç—‡ï¼ˆä¹Ÿç§°ä¸ºè”—ç³–ä¸è€å—)通常在生命早期出现并且å¯å¯¼è‡´ç¢³æ°´åŒ–åˆç‰©å¸æ”¶ä¸è‰¯ï¼Œå¼•èµ·è…¹æ³»ï¼Œè…¹èƒ€å’Œè…¹ç—›çš„症状,类似于以腹泻为主的IBS的症状。蔗糖酶-异麦芽糖酶缺ä¹ç—‡æ˜¯è‘¡ç³–苷酶在å°è‚ 内活性é™ä½Žæ‰€è‡´ã€‚该酶通常å‚与淀粉和糖的消化。éšç€è‘¡è„糖苷酶活性é™ä½Žï¼Œç¢³æ°´åŒ–åˆç‰©-特别是蔗糖-表现类似于FODMAPs,渗é€æ€§å¢žåŠ ï¼Œå¹¶åœ¨è‚ é“ä¸å‘酵,å¯èƒ½å¯¼è‡´IBS症状 [83]。蔗糖酶-异麦芽糖酶缺ä¹ç—‡åœ¨æ™šå‘性IBSä¸çš„作用尚未确定。
4.3.1 先天性蔗糖酶-异麦芽糖酶缺ä¹ç—‡
在先天性蔗糖酶-异麦芽糖酶缺ä¹ç—‡ä¸ï¼Œè”—ç³–é…¶-异麦芽糖酶(SIï¼‰åŸºå› çš„çªå˜å¯¼è‡´ä¸¥é‡çš„症状。这是一ç§ç½•è§çš„ç–¾ç—…ã€‚æœ€è¿‘çš„ç ”ç©¶å·²ç»ç¡®å®šäº†å…·æœ‰é™ä½ŽåŠŸèƒ½çš„SIåŸºå› çš„å¤šç§å˜å¼‚。大约2-9%的北美和欧洲人åŽè£”å¯èƒ½ä¼šå—到影å“,这情况å¯èƒ½å°šæœªè¢«è®¤è¯† [84]。然而,尚未è¯å®žå®ƒæ˜¯å¦ä¸ŽåŠŸèƒ½æ€§èƒƒè‚ 病症患者的症状诱å‘有关。
4.3.2 继å‘性或获得性蔗糖酶-异麦芽糖酶缺ä¹ç—‡
继å‘性或获得性蔗糖酶-异麦芽糖酶缺ä¹ç—‡ä»Žç†è®ºä¸Šè®²ä¹Ÿå¯èƒ½å‘生,但通常是çŸæš‚çš„ã€‚åŠ¨ç‰©ç ”ç©¶è¡¨æ˜Žï¼Œç»’æ¯›èŽç¼©ï¼Œä¾‹å¦‚未ç»æ²»ç–—的乳糜泻,å¯èƒ½å¯¼è‡´è”—ç³–é…¶-异麦芽糖酶缺ä¹ç—‡ã€‚éšç€ç»’毛èŽç¼©çš„改善,这ç§é…¶ç¼ºä¹æ˜¯å¯é€†çš„ [84]。
4.3.3 诊æ–
å¯ä»¥åœ¨å„¿ç«¥ä¸è¿›è¡ŒåäºŒæŒ‡è‚ æˆ–ç©ºè‚ æ´»æ£€æ¥ç¡®å®šè”—ç³–é…¶-异麦芽糖酶缺ä¹ç—‡çš„诊æ–,以评估蔗糖酶,乳糖酶,异麦芽糖酶和麦芽糖酶活性 [84]ã€‚ä½†æ˜¯ï¼Œæ´»æ£€æ ‡æœ¬å¿…é¡»ç«‹å³å†·å†»ï¼Œå¹¶ä¸”ç”±äºŽæ ·å“分æžéœ€è¦å¤æ‚的冷冻/解冻过程,å¯èƒ½ä¼šå‡ºçŽ°ä¸å‡†ç¡®çš„结果 [85]。其他诊æ–方法也是å¯è¡Œçš„,例如蔗糖呼气试验,但在幼儿ä¸è¿›è¡Œæ°¢å‘¼æ°”测试是有问题的 [85]ã€‚æœ€è¿‘ï¼ŒåŸºå› æµ‹åºå·²ç»å¯ç”¨äºŽé‰´å®šå…ˆå¤©æ€§è”—ç³–é…¶-异麦芽糖酶缺ä¹ç—‡ [84]。尽管这些结果应与临床情况结åˆè€ƒè™‘。在æˆäººä¸è¿›è¡Œæ¤ç±»æµ‹è¯•çš„价值的数æ®å¾ˆå°‘。
4.3.4 治疗
治疗蔗糖酶-异麦芽糖酶缺ä¹ç—‡çš„è¯æ®æœ‰é™ã€‚治疗包括饮食é™åˆ¶ç³–å’Œæ·€ç²‰ï¼Œè™½ç„¶è¿™å¾ˆå°‘ç ”ç©¶ã€‚æ‚£è€…è¿›è¡Œåˆå§‹é™åˆ¶æ€§é˜¶æ®µï¼Œç„¶åŽé€æ¸é‡æ–°å¼•å…¥ä»¥ç¡®å®šè€å—性。然而,这ç§é¥®é£Ÿé™åˆ¶å¾ˆå›°éš¾ï¼Œæ‚£è€…ä¾ä»Žæ€§ä½Ž [85]。 饮食改良的替代方法是用沙å¯åŠ³èµ›é…¶æ›¿ä»£ï¼Œè¿™åœ¨å°æ ·æœ¬ç ”究ä¸æ˜¾ç¤ºå‡ºè‰¯å¥½çš„效果 [85,86]。然而,酶补充剂ä¸ä»…昂贵且未能在全世界范围内普åŠã€‚
请å‚阅 1.2 分级管ç†ï¼Œè¡¨ 3。
æŸäº›é£Ÿç‰©ä¼šå¼•å‘IBS患者的症状,包括富å«FODMAP的食物。 虽然许多IBS患者认为他们对æŸäº›é£Ÿç‰©ä¸è€å— [87], 然而,对ä¸è€å—食物的盲法激å‘试验å´å¾€å¾€ä¸èƒ½ä½¿è¿™ç§æƒ…况é‡çŽ° [88,89]。IBS患者通常自己改å˜é¥®é£Ÿï¼Œä»¥è¯•å›¾ç¼“解症状 [88,90]。
ç›®å‰å°šç¼ºä¹å®‰å…¨ï¼Œå¯é å’Œç»æµŽå®žæƒ 的食物ä¸è€å—诊æ–æµ‹è¯•ã€‚å› æ¤ï¼Œä¸´åºŠåŒ»ç”Ÿä¸èƒ½è½»æ˜“确认患者所报告的引起症状的食物ä¸çš„ä¸è€å—æˆåˆ† [91]。一般原则如下:
特别是对于æŒç»äº§ç”Ÿæ°”体,腹胀和腹泻症状的患者,以åŠæœ‰é˜³æ€§å®¶æ—å²çš„患者应考虑乳糜泻 [91]。IBS的症状在乳糜泻患者ä¸å¾ˆå¸¸è§ã€‚
· 应é¿å…通过分æžè¡€æ¶²ï¼Œç²ªä¾¿ï¼Œæ¯›å‘或指甲而错误地诊æ–为食物ä¸è€å—的商业测试 [91]。
· 乳糖,果糖,过é‡çº¤ç»´ï¼ŒæŠ—性淀粉,果èšç³–和低èšåŠä¹³ç³–å¯èƒ½ä¼šåŠ 剧/诱å‘IBS症状。在缺ä¹è¥å…»å¸ˆæŒ‡å¯¼ä¸‹å¯è€ƒè™‘个体排除试验以改善症状 [91]。
· 对于个体饮食干预失败或能够éšæ—¶èŽ·å¾—具有专业知识的è¥å…»å¸ˆæŒ‡å¯¼çš„患者,应考虑低FODMAPé¥®é£Ÿã€‚å¤§å¤šæ•°ç ”ç©¶è¯æ˜Žï¼Œè¿™ç§é¥®é£Ÿç–—效的饮食教育一直由è¥å…»å¸ˆä¸»å¯¼ï¼ˆæˆ–以护士为主导)。需è¦åšæŒå››å‘¨ä»¥ç¡®å®šè¯¥é¥®é£Ÿçš„益处。饮食很容易由ç»éªŒä¸°å¯Œçš„从业者教授,é‡è¦çš„å†å¼•å…¥é˜¶æ®µéœ€è¦è¢«ç›‘ç£ï¼Œç‰¹åˆ«è¦æ³¨æ„ä¿è¯å……足的è¥å…»ã€‚
· 饮食å˜åŒ–ä¼šæ‰°ä¹±è‚ é“èŒç¾¤ã€‚关于与任何IBS特异性饮食相关的èŒç¾¤å˜åŒ–的临床æ„义知之甚少 [91]。有é™çš„æ•°æ®è¡¨æ˜Žï¼Œåœ¨ä½ŽFODMAP饮食的å†å¼•å…¥é˜¶æ®µï¼Œè‚ é“èŒç¾¤æ²¡æœ‰æ˜¾è‘—å˜åŒ– [92]。
· 如果低FODMAP饮食没有效果,那么应该åœæ¢ä½¿ç”¨ã€‚引入其它饮食é™åˆ¶åº”仔细考虑与è¥å…»å……åˆ†æ€§ç›¸å…³ï¼Œå°¤å…¶æ˜¯å¦‚æžœå®ƒä»¬è¢«æ·»åŠ åˆ°ç›®å‰çš„é™åˆ¶é¥®é£Ÿä¸ã€‚
在其它饮食方法ä¸ï¼Œå¾ˆå°‘有具有有效性,安全性和è¥å…»å……足性的高质é‡è¯æ®ã€‚æ— éº¸è´¨é¥®é£Ÿï¼ˆGFD)是一个例外,它由美国的IBS患者广泛å‘起,而没有医疗ä¿å¥ä¸“业人员的å‚与。
也å¯ä»¥å‚考以下WGOå…¨çƒæŒ‡å— [93]:
· è‚ æ˜“æ¿€ç»¼åˆå¾ï¼šå…¨çƒè§†è§’(2015年),针对IBS诊æ–和管ç†çš„临床建议,包括WGO级è”选择-å› ä¸ºæ— è®ºæ˜¯æµè¡Œç—…å¦è¿˜æ˜¯ä¸´åºŠè¡¨çŽ°ä»¥åŠè¯Šæ–和治疗资æºçš„å¯åŠæ€§åœ¨å…¨ä¸–界都ä¸ç»Ÿä¸€ï¼Œä¸è¶³ä»¥åœ¨å…¨ä¸–界范围内支æŒæä¾›å•ä¸€çš„é‡‘æ ‡å‡†æ–¹æ³• [94]。
· WGOå…¨çƒæŒ‡å—:腹腔疾病(2016年)[1]。该WGOå…¨çƒæŒ‡å—çš„2017å¹´æ›´æ–°å·²å‘è¡¨åœ¨ä¸´åºŠèƒƒè‚ ç—…å¦æ‚志上 [2]。
ä¸€äº›æ²¡æœ‰ä¸¥æ ¼æŽ§åˆ¶æ¡ä»¶çš„ç ”ç©¶è¡¨æ˜Žï¼Œç¬¦åˆIBSæ ‡å‡†çš„ä¸€éƒ¨åˆ†æ‚£è€…å¯¹GFD有å应 [95–98]。争议的焦点在于问题食物æˆåˆ†æ˜¯éº¸è´¨ï¼Œéžéº¸è´¨å°éº¦è›‹ç™½è¿˜æ˜¯æžœèšç³–。在一组患有IBSæˆ–å…¶å®ƒåŠŸèƒ½æ€§èƒƒè‚ é“症状的患者ä¸ï¼Œé€šå¸¸ä¼´æœ‰è‚ 外症状,他们自称他们对麸质æ•æ„Ÿã€‚然而,麸质尚未被认为是æ¤ç±»æ‚£è€…的致病分å。在对å°éº¦å’Œå…¶å®ƒè›‹ç™½è´¨è¿›è¡ŒåŒç›²å®‰æ…°å‰‚对照激å‘åŽï¼Œå°è‚ å’Œå¤§è‚ ç²˜è†œä¸ä¸Šçš®å†…æ·‹å·´ç»†èƒžå’Œå—œé…¸æ€§ç²’ç»†èƒžå¯†åº¦å¢žåŠ çš„äºšç»„è¡¨çŽ°å‡ºäº†èƒƒè‚ é“症状 [99]ã€‚æ ¹æ®æ¿€å‘试验的结果指导的饮食é™åˆ¶ä½¿å¾—这些患者长期症状缓解 [100]。需è¦åœ¨å…¶å®ƒä¸å¿ƒè¿›è¡Œè¿›ä¸€æ¥ç ”ç©¶ï¼Œä»¥è¯„ä¼°è¿™äº›ç ”ç©¶ç»“æžœçš„æ™®é性。
在大多数没有上述组织病ç†å¦å˜åŒ–的个体ä¸ï¼ŒGFDå¯èƒ½æ˜¯æœ‰æ•ˆçš„,但是患者是å¦éœ€è¦æ— 麸质饮食或者麸质是å¦æ˜¯å°éº¦ä¸å…¶å®ƒåˆ†åçš„æ ‡è®°ç‰©ï¼Œä¾‹å¦‚æžœèšç³–,ä»ç„¶å˜åœ¨äº‰è®®ã€‚挪å¨æœ€è¿‘çš„ä¸€é¡¹ç ”ç©¶æ供了è¯æ®ï¼Œè¯æ˜Žæžœèšç³–,而ä¸æ˜¯éº¸è´¨æˆ–å°éº¦è›‹ç™½ï¼Œæ˜¯è‡ªç§°éº¸è´¨æ•æ„Ÿæ‚£è€…的罪é祸首 [101]。
· 所谓的éžä¹³ç³œæ³»éº¸è´¨æ•æ„Ÿï¼ˆNCGS)å¯èƒ½ä»£è¡¨äº†ä¸€ç»„异质疾病的患者,通常包括IBS患者,也å¯èƒ½æœ‰ä¸€éƒ¨åˆ†éžå…ç–«çƒè›‹ç™½E介导的å°éº¦è›‹ç™½æ•æ„Ÿæ‚£è€…。大部分患者没有è¯æ®è¡¨æ˜Žä»–们对麸质本身ä¸è€å—-æ£å¦‚åŒç›²å®‰æ…°å‰‚对照交å‰é£Ÿç‰©è¯±å‘çš„éšæœºå¯¹ç…§ç ”ç©¶æ‰€è¡¨æ˜Žçš„é‚£æ · [102]。
· ç›®å‰æ²¡æœ‰éº¸è´¨æ•æ„Ÿçš„ç”Ÿç‰©æ ‡å¿—ç‰©ã€‚ä¸å»ºè®®å°†HLA-DQ2 / 8确定为å°éº¦æ•æ„Ÿçš„é¢„æµ‹æ ‡å¿—ç‰© [97]。
· 在缺ä¹NCGSç”Ÿç‰©æ ‡å¿—ç‰©çš„æƒ…å†µä¸‹ï¼Œä¸´åºŠå®žè·µä¸è€ƒè™‘采用åŒç›²å®‰æ…°å‰‚对照试验(DBPCT)æ¥è¯„估麸质激å‘症状,这是排除乳糜泻和å°éº¦è¿‡æ•åŽç¡®å®šNCGS的最佳方法。这ç§æ–¹æ³•å·²åœ¨æ¬§æ´²çš„ä¸€äº›åœ°åŒºä½¿ç”¨ï¼Œä½†åœ¨ä¸–ç•Œå…¶å®ƒåœ°æ–¹å¾ˆå°‘ä½¿ç”¨ã€‚ç„¶è€Œï¼Œæœ€è¿‘ä¸€é¡¹æ¬§æ´²ç ”ç©¶ [103] æ示了这项试验的局é™æ€§ï¼Œè¡¨æ˜Žéº¸è´¨ä¸æ˜¯è¿™äº›æ‚£è€…症状的æ¥æºï¼ŒDBPCTä¸è¶³ä»¥ç¡®å®šéº¸è´¨æ˜¯å¦å¼•èµ·ç—‡çŠ¶ï¼Œè€Œä¸”DBPCTä¸æ˜¯åœ¨éžä¹³ç³œæ³»æ‚£è€…ä¸æ£€æµ‹éº¸è´¨æ¿€å‘症状的令人满æ„的方法。然而,一旦用于评估NCGSçš„æ ‡å‡†åŒ–å’Œä¸¥æ ¼çš„æ–¹æ³•è¢«å¼€å‘出æ¥ï¼Œå°†å…·æœ‰ä¼˜åŠ¿ã€‚
· 许多患有IBSæ ·ç—‡çŠ¶çš„æ‚£è€…ä¼šè‡ªç§°“麸质æ•æ„Ÿ”ï¼Œä½¿ç”¨æ— éº¸è´¨é¥®é£ŸåŽç—‡çŠ¶æ”¹å–„ [98]ã€‚æ ¹æ®æœ€è¿‘在挪å¨å‘è¡¨çš„ä¸€é¡¹ç ”ç©¶ [101],这ç§æ”¹å–„å¯èƒ½æ˜¯ç”±äºŽæžœèšç³–而ä¸æ˜¯éº¸è´¨æˆ–éžéº¸è´¨å°éº¦è›‹ç™½çš„å‡å°‘。
· 低FODMAP饮食的获益å¯èƒ½è¶…过GFD的获益 [91]。
· 饮食在ä¸åŒIBS亚型ä¸çš„最终作用需è¦è¿›ä¸€æ¥ç ”究 [87]。
尽管麸质的作用å˜åœ¨ä¸ç¡®å®šæ€§ï¼Œç‰¹åˆ«æ˜¯åœ¨IBS症状产生ä¸çš„作用,但对于那些认为å«æœ‰éº¸è´¨é£Ÿç‰©å¯ä½¿ç—‡çŠ¶å˜å¾—更严é‡çš„患者æ¥è¯´ï¼ŒGFD试验是一ç§åˆç†çš„干预措施。
· 以疼痛或腹胀为主è¦ç—‡çŠ¶çš„IBS患者 [89] å’ŒIBS-D或IBSæ··åˆåž‹æ‚£è€…å¯èƒ½èŽ·ç›Šæœ€å¤šã€‚
· GFD难以实施和维æŒï¼Œå¹¶ä¸”ä»·æ ¼ä¸è² [104]。
· 建议由ç»è¿‡åŸ¹è®çš„注册è¥å…»å¸ˆå‚与。
· 世界å«ç”Ÿç»„织(WHO)è¥å…»æŒ‡å— [105]
www.who.int/publications/guidelines/nutrition/en/
· ç¾Žå›½èƒƒè‚ ç—…å¦ä¼šï¼ˆACG)指å—(例如,æˆäººä½é™¢æ‚£è€…çš„è¥å…»æ²»ç–—)[106]
https://doi.org/10.1038/ajg.2016.28
· è‹±å›½èƒƒè‚ ç—…å¦ä¼šï¼ˆBSG)指å—(例如,乳糜泻)[107]
https://www.bsg.org.uk/clinical/bsg-guidelines.html
http://gut.bmj.com/content/63/8/1210
· 国家å¥åº·å’ŒæŠ¤ç†å“è¶Šç ”ç©¶æ‰€ï¼ˆNICE)指å—(例如,饮食,è¥å…»å’Œè‚¥èƒ–)[108]
www.nice.org.uk/sharedlearning/lifestyle-and-wellbeing/diet--nutrition-and-obesity
· 北美/æ¬§æ´²å„¿ç§‘èƒƒè‚ ç—…å¦ï¼Œè‚è„ç—…å¦å’Œè¥å…»å¦ï¼ˆNASPGHAN / ESPGHAN)指å—(儿童) [109] www.naspghan.org/content/55/en/Nutrition-and-Obesity
ä¸–ç•Œèƒƒè‚ ç—…å¦ç»„织(WGO)指å—:应对常è§çš„èƒƒè‚ é“症状(Hunt et al, 2014) [19]
https://journals.lww.com/jcge/Fulltext/2014/08000/Coping_With_Common_Gastrointestinal_Symptoms_in.4.aspx
http://www.worldgastroenterology.org/guidelines/global-guidelines/common-gi-symptoms
· ä¸–ç•Œèƒƒè‚ ç—…å¦ç»„织(WGOï¼‰å…³äºŽä¹³ç³œæ³»çš„æŒ‡å— ï¼ˆBai and Ciacci, 2017) [2]
http://www.worldgastroenterology.org/guidelines/global-guidelines/celiac-disease
· 英国饮食å会(BDA):æˆäººè‚ 易激综åˆå¾çš„饮食管ç†ï¼ˆMcKenzie et al., 2016)[22]
https://doi.org/10.1111/jhn.12385
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