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2021年3月
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浙江大å¦åŒ»å¦é™¢é™„属邵逸夫医院
WGO审查å°ç»„
Mohamed Tahiri (主å¸, 摩洛哥)
K.L. Goh (è”åˆä¸»å¸, 马æ¥è¥¿äºš)
Zaigham Abbas (巴基斯å¦)
David Epstein (å—éž)
Chen Min-Hu (ä¸å›½)
Chris Mulder (è·å…°)
Amarender Puri (å°åº¦)
Michael Schultz (新西兰)
Anton LeMair (è·å…°)
基金和利益冲çªè¯´æ˜Ž
所有作者å‡å£°æ˜Žæœ¬æ–‡ä¸Žä»–们没有利益冲çªã€‚
Anton LeMair æ‹…ä»»WGO指å—å¼€å‘顾问。
(点击展开区段)
“è‚ºç»“æ ¸æ‚£è€…å‡ºçŽ°è…¹æ³»æ˜¯ä¸€ç§è‡´å‘½çš„症状。”
— 希波克拉底, æ ¼è¨€ç¯‡ 5.14
“è…¹éƒ¨ç»“æ ¸ç—…æ— æ³•ç¡®è¯Šï¼Œå› ä¸ºè¿™ç§ç–¾ç—…与许多其他腹部疾病相似,并且组织å¦ç¡®è®¤å¯èƒ½æ˜¯æ¨¡æ£±ä¸¤å¯çš„。”
— Joseph Walsh, Transactions of the National Association for the Study and Prevention of Tuberculosis 1909;5:217–22
ç»“æ ¸ç—…ï¼ˆTuberculosis,TB)是一ç§ç”±ç»“æ ¸åˆ†æžæ†èŒå¼•èµ·çš„ä¼ æŸ“ç—…ï¼Œé€šå¸¸å¼•èµ·è‚ºç»“æ ¸ã€‚ç»“æ ¸ç—…æ˜¯å…¨çƒç¬¬ä¹å¤§æœ€å¸¸è§çš„æ»å› ,是å•ä¸€ä¼ 染æºé€ æˆæ»äº¡çš„首è¦åŽŸå› ,排在人类å…疫缺陷病毒/获得性å…疫缺陷综åˆå¾ï¼ˆHIV/AIDS)之å‰ã€‚
2017年,有1000ä¸‡äººæ‚£ç»“æ ¸ï¼Œ160万人æ»äºŽç»“æ ¸ï¼Œå…¶ä¸åŒ…括30万HIV感染者—ç»“æ ¸æ˜¯HIV阳性患者的头å·æ€æ‰‹[1]。
ä¸Žè‚ºç»“æ ¸ç›¸æ¯”ï¼Œè…¹éƒ¨ç»“æ ¸å¹¶ä¸å¸¸è§ã€‚åœ¨ç¾Žå›½ï¼Œèƒƒè‚ é“ç»“æ ¸å 了肺外病例的2.5% [2]。
ç»“æ ¸çš„éžç‰¹å¼‚性临床表现å¯èƒ½ä¸Žå…¶ä»–èƒƒè‚ é“ç–¾ç—…ç›¸ä¼¼ï¼Œåœ¨ç»“æ ¸ç—…æµè¡Œåœ°åŒºå¯èƒ½è¡¨çŽ°ä¸ºæ€¥è…¹ç—‡åˆ°æ…¢æ€§è…¹ç—›ä¸ç‰ï¼Œå› æ¤ï¼Œæ—©æœŸè¯Šæ–ä»ç„¶å›°éš¾ã€‚虽然有些患者å¯èƒ½ä»ŽæŠ—ç»“æ ¸æ²»ç–—ä¸èŽ·ç›Šï¼Œä½†æœ‰æ‚£è€…å¯èƒ½ä¼šå‡ºçŽ°è¯¸å¦‚ç‹çª„ã€æ¢—阻ã€ç˜˜ç®¡æˆ–者穿å”ç‰å¤–科问题而å¯èƒ½éœ€è¦æ‰‹æœ¯å¹²é¢„。
HIV感染是å‘ç”Ÿç»“æ ¸çš„ä¸»è¦å±é™©å› ç´ ï¼Œè…¹è†œç»“æ ¸å› å…¶éšåŒ¿æ€§å’Œéžç‰¹å¼‚性症状而æˆä¸ºå…疫功能低下患者的真æ£åŒ»å¦æŒ‘战。
è™½ç„¶ç»“æ ¸å¯ç´¯åŠæ¶ˆåŒ–é“的任何部ä½ï¼Œä½†æœ€å¸¸å—累的部ä½æ˜¯å›žç›²éƒ¨ã€å›žè‚ å’Œç»“è‚ ã€‚å›žç›²éƒ¨æ˜¯æœ€å¸¸å—ç»“æ ¸æ„ŸæŸ“çš„åŒºåŸŸã€‚å…¶åŽŸå› åŒ…æ‹¬è¯¥åŒºåŸŸæ·‹å·´ç»„ç»‡å¯†åº¦é«˜ã€è‚ é“è¿è¾“缓慢和胆æ±é…¸æµ“度低[3]。
所有ä¸æ˜ŽåŽŸå› 的渗出性腹水都需è¦è€ƒè™‘ç»“æ ¸æ€§è…¹è†œç‚Žçš„å¯èƒ½ã€‚è…¹éƒ¨ç»“æ ¸æ„ŸæŸ“çš„å…¶ä»–éƒ¨ä½è¿˜æœ‰è„¾è„ã€è‚è„和淋巴结[3–6]。
WGO分级管ç†ï¼šæ ¹æ®å¯èŽ·å¾—资æºå¯¹é£Žé™©å’Œç–¾ç—…的诊æ–ã€æ²»ç–—和管ç†è¿›è¡Œåˆ†çº§å¤„ç†ã€‚
æ— è®ºæ˜¯“å‘展且〓åŠå‘è¾¾”或“å‘è¾¾”地区,WGO指å—和分级管ç†æ—¨åœ¨çªå‡ºé’ˆå¯¹æ‰€æœ‰åœ°åŒºçš„åˆé€‚çš„ã€ä¸ŽçŽ¯å¢ƒå’Œèµ„æºç›¸å…³çš„处置方å¼ã€‚WGO分级管ç†æ˜¯çŽ¯å¢ƒç›¸å…³çš„,环境ä¸èƒ½ç®€å•å®šä¹‰ä¸ºèµ„æºå¯ç”¨æ€§ã€‚
这里æå‡ºçš„èƒƒè‚ é“ç»“æ ¸è¯Šç–—çš„åˆ†çº§ç®¡ç†æ˜¯å…³é”®ï¼Œä»£è¡¨äº†æœ¬æ–‡æœ€é‡è¦çš„éƒ¨åˆ†ã€‚ç‰¹åˆ«å¼ºè°ƒçš„å†…å®¹æŒ‰é‡‘æ ‡å‡†ã€ä¸ç‰èµ„æºå’Œä½Žçº§åˆ«èµ„æºåˆ†ç±»ã€‚
关于“èƒƒè‚ é“ç»“æ ¸çš„åˆ†çº§è¯Šæ–”ï¼Œè¯·å‚è§ä¸‹æ–‡3.1节。
1.3.1 世界å«ç”Ÿç»„织(WHO)2018å¹´å…¨çƒç»“æ ¸ç—…æŠ¥å‘Š[1,7]
è‚ ç»“æ ¸ï¼ˆIntestinal tuberculosis,ITB)的å‘病率éšç€ç»“æ ¸ç—…æµè¡ŒçŽ‡çš„æ•´ä½“å¢žåŠ è€Œå¢žåŠ ã€‚åœ¨æ¬§ç›Ÿï¼Œäº”åˆ†ä¹‹ä¸€çš„ç»“æ ¸æ‚£è€…æ‚£æœ‰è‚ºå¤–ç»“æ ¸[10]ã€‚åœ¨è¿‡åŽ»çš„å‡ å年里,克罗æ©ç—…(Crohn’s disease,CD)的å‘ç—…çŽ‡åœ¨ä¸–ç•ŒèŒƒå›´å†…ä¹Ÿæœ‰æ‰€å¢žåŠ ï¼ŒåŒ…æ‹¬å¸¸è§„æŠ¥é“该病罕è§çš„地区[11]。
ç»“æ ¸ç—…åœ¨è´«ç©·å’Œäººå£è¿‡å¤šçš„åœ°æ–¹å®¹æ˜“ä¼ æ’;在约17äº¿æ„ŸæŸ“ç»“æ ¸åˆ†æžæ†èŒï¼ˆMycobacterium tuberculosis,MTB)的人ä¸ï¼Œæœ‰5-15%会在有生之年å‘å±•ä¸ºæœ‰è¡¨çŽ°çš„ä¸´åºŠç»“æ ¸ç—…[12]。
感染HIVçš„äººæ‚£ç»“æ ¸ç—…çš„å¯èƒ½æ€§é«˜å¾—多,而有以下这些å±é™©å› ç´ çš„äººåŒæ ·å…·æœ‰æ‚£ç—…高风险[13]:
è‚ºå¤–ç»“æ ¸ç—…åœ¨HIV感染患者ä¸æ›´å¸¸è§ï¼š
è…¹éƒ¨ç»“æ ¸å¯å› 以下情况å‘生:
潜ä¼æœŸç»“æ ¸ç—…ç¶çš„å†æ¿€æ´»å¯èƒ½æ˜¯ç”±é«˜é¾„ã€HIV/AIDS感染ã€æŠ— TNF治疗ã€è¥å…»ä¸è‰¯ã€ä½“é‡å‡è½»ã€é…—é…’ã€ç³–å°¿ç—…ã€æ…¢æ€§è‚¾è¡°å’Œå…¶ä»–ç–¾ç—…é€ æˆçš„å…疫抑制导致的[12,14,15]。
è‚ºç»“æ ¸ã€‚å¤§éƒ¨åˆ†çš„ç»“æ ¸ç—…ä¾‹æ˜¯è‚ºç»“æ ¸ï¼ˆå›¾1ï¼‰ã€‚åœ¨è‚ºå¤–ç»“æ ¸æ‚£è€…ä¸ï¼Œä»…有15-20%çš„æ‚£è€…ä¼´æœ‰æ´»åŠ¨æ€§è‚ºç»“æ ¸[8]。本指å—ä¸æ¶µç›–è‚ºç»“æ ¸ã€‚
è‚ºå¤–ç»“æ ¸ã€‚è‚ºå¤–ç»“æ ¸å¯åœ¨ä»¥ä¸‹éƒ¨ä½ä¸å‘现:喉ã€æ·‹å·´ç»“ã€èƒ¸è†œã€è„‘ã€è‚¾è„ã€éª¨éª¼å’Œå…³èŠ‚ã€è…¹è†œå’Œè‚ é“ã€è„‘膜ã€çš®è‚¤å’Œå¿ƒåŒ…。自上世纪80年代ä¸æœŸä»¥æ¥ï¼Œè®¸å¤šå›½å®¶ç»“æ ¸ç—…å·åœŸé‡æ¥ï¼Œä¸´åºŠåŒ»ç”Ÿä¼šç»§ç»ç¢°åˆ°ç—…ä¾‹ã€‚è‚ºå¤–ç»“æ ¸æ›´å¸¸è§äºŽHIV感染或其他å…疫抑制的个体以åŠå¹¼å„¿ã€‚é™¤è…¹éƒ¨ç»“æ ¸å¤–ï¼Œæœ¬æŒ‡å—ä¸æ¶µç›–å…¶ä»–è‚ºå¤–ç»“æ ¸ã€‚
ç²Ÿç²’æ€§ç»“æ ¸ã€‚ç¬¬ä¸‰ç§ç½•è§çš„ç»“æ ¸ç—…æ˜¯ç²Ÿç²’æ€§ç»“æ ¸ï¼Œç»“æ ¸é¢—ç²’é€šè¿‡è¡€æµè¢«è½¬è¿åˆ°èº«ä½“çš„å„个部ä½ã€‚本指å—ä¸æ¶µç›–ç²Ÿç²’æ€§ç»“æ ¸ç—…ã€‚
è…¹éƒ¨ç»“æ ¸ã€‚ç»“æ ¸å¯ä»¥ç´¯åŠèƒƒè‚ é“的任何部ä½ï¼Œä»Žå£è…”到肛门(49%)ã€è…¹è†œï¼ˆ42%)ã€è‚ 系膜淋巴结(4%)以åŠå®žè´¨è„器包括è‚è„和胰胆系统(5%)[13,16]ã€‚è‚ ç»“æ ¸æœ€å¸¸è§çš„部ä½æ˜¯å›žç›²éƒ¨ï¼Œå…¶æ¬¡æ˜¯ç»“è‚ å’Œç©ºè‚ ã€‚
èƒƒè‚ é“å’Œè…¹è†œç»“æ ¸çš„ç—‡çŠ¶å’Œä½“å¾æ˜¯éžç‰¹å¼‚性的,å¯èƒ½ä¼šé—æ¼æˆ–延误诊æ–,而导致å‘病率和æ»äº¡çŽ‡å¢žåŠ 。
å¤§å¤šæ•°è…¹éƒ¨ç»“æ ¸æ‚£è€…çš„ç—‡çŠ¶æŒç»1个月到1年。这些患者å¯èƒ½è¡¨çŽ°ä¸ºè…¹ç—›ã€è™šå¼±ã€ä½“é‡å‡è½»ã€é£Ÿæ¬²ä¸æŒ¯ã€å‘çƒã€è…¹æ³»ã€ä¾¿ç§˜ã€ç›´è‚ 出血和水肿[18]。症状通常为ä¸ç‰å¼ºåº¦ã€‚
åŒæ—¶å¹¶å‘è‚ºç»“æ ¸æ—¶ä¼šæ˜¾è‘—å¢žåŠ å‘çƒç›—æ±—ã€ä½“é‡å‡è½»å’Œè‚ºéƒ¨ç—‡çŠ¶çš„频率。
ç»“æ ¸ç—…å¯èƒ½ä¸Žè®¸å¤šå…疫介导的表现有关,例如结节性红斑ã€ç¡¬ç»“性红斑ã€å应性关节炎(Ponect病)和葡è„膜炎,所有这些都å¯èƒ½ä¸Žå…‹ç½—æ©ç—…çš„è‚ å¤–è¡¨çŽ°ç›¸ä¼¼[19–22]。
ä½“æ ¼æ£€æŸ¥å¯è¡¨çŽ°ä¸ºçš®è‚¤è‹ç™½ï¼Œä¼´è…¹æ°´ï¼Œè…¹éƒ¨æ‰é¢æ„Ÿï¼Œå¹¿æ³›çš„腹部压痛,尤其是在å³ä¾§é«‚çªå¤„。患者å¯å› è‚è„å—ç´¯ã€æ·‹å·´ç»“肿大ã€è‚ 管粘连或冷脓肿而出现è‚肿大和腹部包å—[13]。
è…¹éƒ¨ç»“æ ¸çš„ç—‡çŠ¶å’Œä½“å¾æ˜¯éžç‰¹å¼‚性的,与克罗æ©ç—…å’Œå…¶ä»–èƒƒè‚ é“疾病éžå¸¸ç›¸ä¼¼ã€‚ç»“æ ¸å¯èƒ½ä¼šä¸Žç›¸å…³åŒºåŸŸçš„è‚¿ç˜¤æ··æ·†ã€‚åœ¨ç”±äºŽå…¶ä»–åŽŸå› æŽ¥å—è‚ é•œæ£€æŸ¥çš„æ— ç—‡çŠ¶æ‚£è€…ä¸ä¹Ÿå¯å‘çŽ°è‚ ç»“æ ¸ã€‚
疼痛是最常è§çš„症状,约å 85%,66%的患者会出现体é‡å‡è½»ï¼Œ35-50%的患者会出现å‘çƒï¼Œ20%的患者会出现腹泻。
在鉴别诊æ–ä¸å¸¸è§çš„èƒƒè‚ é“è¡¨çŽ°æ—¶ï¼Œç‰¹åˆ«æ˜¯åœ¨ç»“æ ¸é«˜å‘åœ°åŒºï¼Œåº”å§‹ç»ˆè€ƒè™‘ç»“æ ¸çš„å¯èƒ½ã€‚
æ¥æº: [4,17,18,23] 以åŠå…¶ä»–上文æ到的å‚考文献。
为ä¸åŒèµ„æºåˆ†å¸ƒå’ŒèŽ·å–æ°´å¹³ã€ä¸åŒæ–‡åŒ–å’Œæµè¡Œç—…å¦æƒ…况的国家和区域,æ供环境和资æºæ•æ„Ÿçš„分级备选方案。
ç›®å‰å°šæ— 潜ä¼æœŸç»“æ ¸æ„ŸæŸ“å’Œæ´»åŠ¨æ€§ç»“æ ¸æ—©æœŸè¯Šæ–çš„é‡‘æ ‡å‡†ï¼›æ²¡æœ‰ä¸€é¡¹å•ä¸€çš„检测足以诊æ–æ‰€æœ‰æ‚£è€…çš„è…¹éƒ¨ç»“æ ¸ã€‚éžHIVæ‚£è€…çš„è…¹éƒ¨ç»“æ ¸ä»æ˜¯ä¸€ä¸ªæŒç»çš„诊æ–困境,需è¦é«˜æŒ‡æ•°çš„临床怀疑[16]。
åœ¨ç»“æ ¸ç—…æµè¡Œåœ°åŒº[4]å’Œå‘达国家的特定情况下(例如HIV患者和接å—å…疫抑制剂或生物制剂治疗的患者ä¸ï¼‰ï¼Œåº”å§‹ç»ˆå°†è…¹éƒ¨ç»“æ ¸è§†ä¸ºæ€¥æ…¢æ€§è…¹éƒ¨ç–¾ç—…çš„é‰´åˆ«è¯Šæ–之一。
æ»¡è¶³ä»¥ä¸‹å››ä¸ªæ ‡å‡†ä¸çš„任何一个,å¯æ˜Žç¡®è¯Šæ–ä¸ºèƒƒè‚ é“ç»“æ ¸[26]:
淋巴细胞å 优势和/或血清-腹水白蛋白梯度<1.1mg/dL的渗出性腹水(蛋白>2.5g/dL)需鉴别诊æ–è…¹è†œç»“æ ¸ã€‚è…ºè‹·è„±æ°¨é…¶æ°´å¹³å¯å‡é«˜ã€‚微生物å¦æˆ–ç—…ç†è¯å®žä»æ˜¯è¯Šæ–çš„é‡‘æ ‡å‡†[27]。
è‚ ç»“æ ¸[28]的诊æ–åº”åŸºäºŽä»¥ä¸‹å‡ ç‚¹ï¼š
尽管诊æ–方法å–得了进æ¥ï¼Œä½†ç”±äºŽç¼ºä¹èµ„金或当地缺ä¹ä¸“业知识,å‘WHOæŠ¥å‘Šçš„ç»“æ ¸ç—…ä¾‹ä¸ä»æœ‰ç›¸å½“大的一部分是通过临床诊æ–而ä¸æ˜¯ç»†èŒå¦ç¡®è¯Šçš„。2016年,å‘WHO报告的肺部病例ä¸ï¼Œåªæœ‰ä¸åˆ°60%的病例是ç»ç»†èŒå¦ç¡®è¯Šçš„[12]。
3.2.1 常规实验室检查
常规实验室检查显示50-80%çš„æ‚£è€…æœ‰è½»åº¦è´«è¡€å’Œè¡€æ²‰å¢žåŠ ã€‚ç™½ç»†èƒžè®¡æ•°é€šå¸¸æ£å¸¸[18]。
3.2.2 å½±åƒå¦æ£€æŸ¥
å£æœé€ 影剂的计算机æ–层扫æ(CT)是评估腔内和腔外病å˜æœ€æœ‰å¸®åŠ©çš„æˆåƒæ–¹å¼ã€‚它å¯ä»¥æ˜¾ç¤ºè‚ é“ã€è‚ 系膜ã€è…¹è†œã€æ·‹å·´ç»“ã€å®žè´¨è„器以åŠè…¹è†œåŽç»“构的炎性å‘展和å—ç´¯ä½ç½®åŠç¨‹åº¦[17,18,30]。它å¯ä»¥åŒºåˆ†ç™Œæ€§è…¹æ°´å’Œè…¹è†œç»“æ ¸ã€‚æœ‰æ·‹å·´ç»“åæ»è¡¨çŽ°çš„å¯è¯Šæ–ä¸ºè…¹è†œç»“æ ¸ã€‚å¦‚æžœå¯è¡Œï¼Œå°è‚ CTé€ å½±èƒ½å¤Ÿå‘现和æ绘出å—累的å°è‚ 情况。
超声。超声内镜(EUS)有助于对é è¿‘èƒƒè‚ é“管腔的å„ç§ç—…å˜è¿›è¡Œæˆåƒï¼Œå¹¶å¯ä»¥é€šè¿‡EUS引导下的细针穿刺进行抽å¸æˆ–活检[31]。å¯å¯¹æ·‹å·´ç»“ã€è‚è„和胰腺进行é¶å‘活检[32]。EUSå¯¹è…¹è†œç»“æ ¸çš„æˆåƒå¾ˆæœ‰å¸®åŠ©[18]。
ç£å…±æŒ¯æˆåƒï¼ˆMRIï¼‰æ— æ³•æ£€æµ‹åˆ°æ·‹å·´ç»“æˆ–è‚¿å—内的å°é’™åŒ–ç¶ï¼Œä¹Ÿæ— 法帮助鉴别克罗æ©ç—…å’Œè‚ ç»“æ ¸ã€‚
胸部X线。胸部 X线阴性ä¸èƒ½æŽ’é™¤è…¹éƒ¨ç»“æ ¸ã€‚
3.2.3 内镜检查
如果病å˜è‚ 段的ä½ç½®åœ¨å†…é•œå¯åŠèŒƒå›´å†…,内镜活检å¯èƒ½æœ‰åŠ©äºŽè¯Šæ–è‚ ç»“æ ¸ã€‚ç›´åˆ°æ‰‹æœ¯æ—¶æ‰æœ€ç»ˆè¯Šæ–该疾病的情况并ä¸å°‘è§[8]。åŒæ°”囊å°è‚ é•œå¯èƒ½æœ‰åŠ©äºŽèŽ·å¾—活检。对于没有明显溃疡的åäºŒæŒ‡è‚ æµ¸æ¶¦ç—…ç¶ï¼Œé‡‡ç”¨åœˆå¥—æ¯è‚‰æ‘˜é™¤çš„æ–¹å¼å¯èƒ½æœ‰åŠ©äºŽèŽ·å¾—更好的活检[25]。
3.2.4 腹腔镜检查
腹腔镜活检å¯ç”¨äºŽè¯Šæ–è…¹è†œç»“æ ¸ï¼Œä½†å…¶åœ¨è‚ ç»“æ ¸ä¸çš„作用尚ä¸æ˜Žç¡®[17]。腹腔镜直视活检å¯å®žçŽ°å¿«é€Ÿã€ç‰¹å¼‚的诊æ–[8]。
3.2.5 ç—…ç†å¦æ£€æŸ¥
ç»“æ ¸ç—…ä¾‹çš„æ´»æ£€ç»„ç»‡ä¼šæœ‰æŠ—é…¸æ†èŒæˆ–å¹²é…ªæ ·è‚‰èŠ½è‚¿ï¼Œä½†æŠ—é…¸æ†èŒæŸ“色缺ä¹æ•æ„Ÿæ€§å’Œç‰¹å¼‚性。很难完全直接地区分克罗æ©ç—…å’Œç»“æ ¸ç—…ã€‚å°½ç®¡å¾ˆç½•è§ï¼Œä½†è¿™ä¸¤ç§ç–¾ç—…å¯ä»¥å…±å˜ï¼Œå°¤å…¶æ˜¯åœ¨è¿›è¡Œç”Ÿç‰©æ²»ç–—期间。
通过内镜和é»è†œæ´»æ£€å¾ˆéš¾è¯Šæ–è‚ ç»“æ ¸ï¼Œå› ä¸ºç—…å˜æ˜¯ä½äºŽé»è†œä¸‹çš„,诊æ–率较低(指通过AFB阳性ã€ç»“æ ¸ PCR阳性ã€å¹²é…ªæ ·è‚‰èŠ½è‚¿ã€æˆ–æ˜¯ç»“æ ¸åŸ¹å…»é˜³æ€§ï¼‰ã€‚Pulimoodç‰äººæ述了缺ä¹æŠ—é…¸æ†èŒå’Œå¹²é…ªæ ·è‚‰èŠ½è‚¿çš„é»è†œæ´»æ£€æ ‡æœ¬çš„一系列组织å¦ç‰¹å¾ï¼Œä»¥è¯Šæ–è‚ ç»“æ ¸[35–37]。包括èžåˆæ€§è‚‰èŠ½è‚¿ã€ç‰¹å®šæ´»æ£€éƒ¨ä½çš„多å‘肉芽肿ã€å¤§è‚‰èŠ½è‚¿ã€æŽ’列于溃疡内å£çš„ä¸Šçš®æ ·ç»„ç»‡ç»†èƒžå¸¦ã€é»è†œä¸‹è‚‰èŠ½è‚¿å’Œä¸æˆæ¯”例的é»è†œä¸‹ç‚Žç—‡—å³é»è†œä¸‹ç‚Žç—‡ç¨‹åº¦æ˜¾è‘—超过é»è†œç‚Žç—‡ç¨‹åº¦ã€‚
组织病ç†å¦å‘现å¯èƒ½åŒ…å«éžç‰¹å¼‚性炎症改å˜ï¼š
ç–‘ä¼¼è…¹éƒ¨ç»“æ ¸çš„æ‚£è€…ï¼Œåº”å¯¹å…¶ç”Ÿç‰©å¦æ¶²ä½“进行抗酸染色涂片镜检的细èŒå¦æ£€æŸ¥ã€‚
3.2.6 微生物å¦æ£€æŸ¥
基于培养的方法。这是目å‰çš„å‚è€ƒæ ‡å‡†ã€‚è¿™æ–¹é¢éœ€è¦æ›´åŠ 先进的实验室技术;活检组织的MTB培养éžå¸¸è€—时(需è¦3-8周,甚至12周æ‰èƒ½æ供结果)[12],并且结果常常是阴性的(准确率约25-35% [17]ï¼Œåœ¨å…¶ä»–ç ”ç©¶ä¸ç”šè‡³æ›´ä½Žï¼‰ã€‚
3.2.7 血清å¦æ£€æŸ¥ç»“æžœ
快速分åå¦æ£€æµ‹ã€‚ç›®å‰WHO推è的诊æ–ç»“æ ¸ç—…çš„å”¯ä¸€å¿«é€Ÿæ£€æµ‹æ–¹æ³•æ˜¯Xpert® MTB/RIF检测(Cepheidï¼Œæ£®å°¼ç»´å°”ï¼ŒåŠ åˆ©ç¦å°¼äºšå·žï¼Œç¾Žå›½ï¼‰ã€‚
å¹²æ‰°ç´ - 释放试验(IGRA)。 IGRA基于MTB特异性的å…疫显性抗原ESAT-6å’ŒCFP10刺激引起的细胞å…ç–«å应,æ供了一ç§æ›¿ä»£ç»“æ ¸èŒç´ 皮肤试验的诊æ–方法。
IGRA试验选择包括:
å¤šé¡¹ç ”ç©¶å·²ç»è¯å®žäº†è¿™äº›æ£€æµ‹æ–¹æ³•åœ¨è¯Šæ–ç»“æ ¸ç—…æ–¹é¢çš„价值,IGRA检测的出现å¯èƒ½ä¼šæ高对潜ä¼æ€§ç»“æ ¸æ„ŸæŸ“ï¼ˆLTBI)的识别[41]。
这些检测方法的主è¦ä¼˜åŠ¿æ˜¯ï¼š
ä¸è¶³æ˜¯ï¼š
虽然ä»éš¾ä»¥ç¡®å®šIGRAså’Œç»“æ ¸èŒç´ 皮肤试验(Tuberculin skin test,TST)之间的优越性,但两者å‡å—到å…疫抑制治疗的负é¢å½±å“ã€‚å› æ¤ï¼Œåº”考虑在开始å…疫抑制治疗å‰è¿›è¡Œç›æŸ¥ã€‚在抗-TNF治疗å‰ï¼Œæ‰€æœ‰æ‚£è€…都必须接å—ç›æŸ¥[40]。
IGRAå¯ç”¨ä½œæ€»ä½“风险评估的一部分,以识别需è¦è¿›è¡Œé¢„防性治疗的个体(例如,å…疫功能低下者ã€å„¿ç«¥ã€å¯†åˆ‡æŽ¥è§¦è€…和近期有暴露的个体)[42],但由于上述的ä¸è¶³ï¼ŒIGRAä¸é€‚åˆå¤§è§„模的ç›æŸ¥ç ”究,尤其是在儿童ä¸ã€‚
检测腹水ä¸çš„å¹²æ‰°ç´ - æ°´å¹³å¯èƒ½æ˜¯æœªæ¥ç”¨äºŽè¯Šæ–è…¹è†œç»“æ ¸çš„ä¸€é¡¹æŠ€æœ¯[27]。
欧洲疾病预防控制ä¸å¿ƒï¼ˆECDC)å‘å¸ƒäº†ä»¥ä¸‹å…³äºŽä½¿ç”¨å¹²æ‰°ç´ - 释放试验支æŒç»“æ ¸è¯Šæ–的指å—[42]:
3.2.8 èšåˆé…¶é“¾å¼å应检测
PCR. å¯¹è‚ ç»“æ ¸ï¼ˆITBï¼‰æ‚£è€…çš„å†…é•œæˆ–æ‰‹æœ¯æ´»æ£€æ ‡æœ¬è¿›è¡Œç»“æ ¸PCR检测,在诊æ–ITB时有很高的准确度,特异性高达95%,准确度为82.6%[17]。
3.2.9 ç»“æ ¸èŒç´ 皮肤试验
PPD. 纯化蛋白è¡ç”Ÿç‰©ï¼ˆPPDï¼‰è¯•éªŒæ˜¯ç»“æ ¸èŒç´ 皮肤试验(TST)的å‡çº§ç‰ˆã€‚å®ƒæ˜¯åŸºäºŽç»“æ ¸åˆ†æžæ†èŒåŸ¹å…»æ»¤æ¶²ä¸çš„蛋白æˆåˆ†ï¼Œç”¨äºŽè¯Šæ–(潜ä¼ï¼‰ç»“æ ¸æ„ŸæŸ“ã€‚
å‡é˜´æ€§ PPDå应å¯èƒ½æ˜¯ç”±äºŽï¼š
PPD皮肤试验对ITB的诊æ–价值尚ä¸æ˜Žç¡®ï¼Œå…¶ç»“æžœå—åˆ°æµ‹è¯•äººç¾¤ç»“æ ¸æ‚£ç—…çŽ‡çš„å½±å“[13,15,17]:
对于 PPD检测时å…ç–«å应弱的患者,其诊æ–价值也是有é™çš„。这ç§è¾ƒå¼±çš„å…ç–«å应å¯èƒ½æ˜¯ç”±äºŽï¼š
— HIV感染
— 原å‘性和æ’æ•£æ€§ç»“æ ¸ç—…
— ä½¿ç”¨ç³–çš®è´¨æ¿€ç´ æˆ–å…疫调节è¯ç‰©
3.2.10 腺苷脱氨酶
腺苷脱氨酶(Adenosine deaminase,ADAï¼‰æ˜¯ç»“æ ¸æ€§è…¹æ°´çš„å¯é é…¶æ ‡è®°ç‰©ã€‚ADA的临界值在36-40IU/L对诊æ–è…¹è†œç»“æ ¸æœ‰å¾ˆé«˜çš„æ•æ„Ÿæ€§ï¼ˆ100%)和特异性(97%)[23,44]。
3.2.11 WHO认å¯çš„ç»“æ ¸ç—…è¯Šæ–技术
ç»“æ ¸ç—…å’Œè€è¯æ€§çš„分å检测技术
éžåˆ†åå¦æ£€æµ‹æŠ€æœ¯
基于培养的检测技术
显微镜技术
3.3.1 è…¹è†œç»“æ ¸
基于病å˜ç±»åž‹è¿›è¡Œé‰´åˆ«è¯Šæ–[14]:
3.3.2 è‚ ç»“æ ¸
基于病å˜ç±»åž‹è¿›è¡Œé‰´åˆ«è¯Šæ–[14]:
3.3.3 ç»“æ ¸ç—…å’Œå…‹ç½—æ©ç—…
å…‹ç½—æ©ç—…(CD)是一ç§å…·æœ‰æ˜Žç¡®é—ä¼ èƒŒæ™¯ã€å—多ç§çŽ¯å¢ƒå› ç´ å½±å“的特å‘性炎症性疾病[17]。CD的诊æ–基于临床特点ã€å†…镜特å¾å’Œç»„织å¦ç‰¹å¾çš„æ•´åˆ[26]。
åœ¨ç»“æ ¸ç—…æµè¡Œåœ°åŒºï¼Œéšç€ç»“æ ¸ç—…å‘ç—…çŽ‡çš„å¢žåŠ ï¼ŒCDçš„å‘ç—…çŽ‡ä¹Ÿæœ‰æ‰€å¢žåŠ [17,48,49]。
— 澳洲:IBD为23.67/10万,UC为7.33/10万,CD为14.00/10万,未确定型IBD为2.33/10万。
— ä¸å›½æ˜¯äºšæ´²IBDå‘病率最高的国家,为3.44/10万。
— UCå’ŒCD的比率在亚洲为2.0,在澳洲为0.5[48]。
IBD在å‘达国家和å‘展ä¸å›½å®¶éƒ½æ˜¯ç»“æ ¸çš„ä¸€ç§é‡è¦çš„鉴别诊æ–。在潜ä¼æ„ŸæŸ“çŽ‡é«˜çš„ç»“æ ¸æµè¡Œçš„å‘展ä¸å›½å®¶ï¼Œå¯¹æœ¬èº«å¥åº·çš„个体进行“暴露”检测是ä¸åˆé€‚的。
3.3.4 其他需è¦è€ƒè™‘的鉴别诊æ–
è…¹éƒ¨ç»“æ ¸æ‚£è€…åº”æŽ¥å—å®Œæ•´ç–—ç¨‹çš„æŠ—ç»“æ ¸æ²»ç–—ã€‚
å¯¹äºŽæ— å¹¶å‘症的ITB,目å‰æŽ¨è使用表8ä¸è¯¦è¿°çš„2个月疗程。应é¿å…æ›´é•¿æ—¶é—´çš„æ²»ç–—ï¼Œå› ä¸ºå®ƒä¸Žä¾ä»Žæ€§å·®å’Œæ½œåœ¨æœ‰æ¯’è¯ç‰©å‰¯ä½œç”¨é£Žé™©å¢žåŠ 有关。
• è‚ºå¤–ç»“æ ¸ç—…åº”ä½¿ç”¨å’Œè‚ºç»“æ ¸ç—…ç›¸åŒçš„æŠ—ç»“æ ¸è¯ç‰©æ–¹æ¡ˆè¿›è¡Œæ²»ç–—。6个月ã€9个月ã€å’Œ18-24个月的疗程å‡å¯¹è‚ºå¤–ç»“æ ¸æœ‰æ•ˆã€‚
• Cochrane的一篇综述å‘现,没有è¯æ®è¡¨æ˜Ž6个月的治疗方案ä¸è¶³ä»¥æ²»ç–—è‚ é“å’Œè…¹è†œç»“æ ¸æ‚£è€…ï¼Œä½†ç›®å‰ç ”究数é‡å¾ˆå°‘[5]。
• æŠ—ç»“æ ¸æ²»ç–—åº”è¯¥ç«‹å³å¼€å§‹ï¼ˆåœ¨ HIVåˆå¹¶ç»“æ ¸æ„ŸæŸ“çš„æƒ…å†µä¸‹ä¸éœ€è¦è€ƒè™‘CD4计数如何)。
• 至少9ä¸ªæœˆçš„æ ‡å‡†æ²»ç–—å¯¹å¤§å¤šæ•°åŠæ—¶å¼€å§‹åˆé€‚治疗并ä¾ä»Žçš„AIDS患者也是有效的。
• è¦ç‰¢è®°å¹¶è€ƒè™‘到多é‡è€è¯çš„å¯èƒ½æ€§ã€‚
• AIDSæ‚£è€…çš„ç»“æ ¸ç—…æ²»ç–—ä¸Žæœªæ„ŸæŸ“HIV者的相åŒï¼Œä½†å¤šé‡è€è¯ç»“æ ¸åœ¨AIDS患者ä¸æ›´ä¸ºå¸¸è§ã€‚
异烟肼(INH)ã€åˆ©ç¦å¹³ï¼ˆRIF)或å¡å—ªé…°èƒºï¼ˆPZA)å¯èƒ½å¼•èµ·è‚毒性
监测è¯ç‰©æ€§è‚毒性(DIH)或è¯ç‰©æ€§è‚æŸä¼¤ï¼ˆDILI)[11]
其他è¯ç‰©å‰¯ä½œç”¨åŒ…æ‹¬èƒƒè‚ é“症状ã€çš®ç–¹å’Œè¯ç‰©é—´ç›¸äº’作用。
从新诊æ–è‚ºç»“æ ¸æ‚£è€…ä¸åˆ†ç¦»å‡ºçš„MTBæ ªä¸æœ‰2.4-13.2%出现了多é‡è€è¯ï¼ˆMDR),而在以å‰æ²»ç–—过的患者ä¸æœ‰17.4–25.5% 出现了多é‡è€è¯ã€‚广泛è€è¯æ€§ï¼ˆXDRï¼‰å‡ ä¹Žåªè§äºŽæ—¢å¾€æŽ¥å—过治疗的患者,约å MDR-TBçš„6%。
WHOçŸç–—程MDR-TB治疗方案:
åœ¨è…¹éƒ¨ç»“æ ¸ç—…é«˜å‘国家,如果临床特å¾ç›¸ç¬¦—例如,临床ã€å½±åƒå¦å’Œå†…镜结果å‡ä¸€è‡´è¯Šæ–è…¹éƒ¨ç»“æ ¸ï¼Œå¹¶ä¸”å¯ä»¥å……分排除其他常è§ç–¾ç—…例如癌症ã€éžç‰¹å¼‚æ€§ç‚Žç—‡æ€§è‚ ç—…ã€å’Œå…¶ä»–特异性感染,å¯è€ƒè™‘使用2-3个月的ç»éªŒæ€§æŠ—ç»“æ ¸è¯ç‰©æ²»ç–—[13]。
如果患者对治疗有å应,并且在éšè®¿ç»“æŸåŽæ²¡æœ‰å¤å‘ï¼Œåˆ™é«˜åº¦è€ƒè™‘ç»“æ ¸æ€§è‚ ç‚Žçš„è¯Šæ–[8]。
需æ¯å‘¨ç›‘测治疗å应,æŒç»4-6周:
ç„¶è€Œï¼Œå‡ºäºŽä»¥ä¸‹åŽŸå› ï¼Œå»ºè®®åœ¨å¼€å§‹æ²»ç–—å‰åº”å…ˆç¡®å®šç»“æ ¸ç—…è¯Šæ–[11,17]:
å½“è…¹è…”é•œæ— æ³•ä½¿ç”¨æˆ–æ‚£è€…è´Ÿæ‹…ä¸èµ·ï¼Œä»¥åŠæ‚£è€…ä¸èƒ½æ‰‹æœ¯æ—¶ï¼Œè…¹æ°´ADA检测对于快速诊æ–è…¹è†œç»“æ ¸å’Œå¼€å§‹ç»éªŒæ€§æŠ—ç»“æ ¸è¯ç‰©æ²»ç–—至关é‡è¦ã€‚
å¯¹äºŽé«˜åº¦æ€€ç–‘è…¹è†œç»“æ ¸å¹¶ä¸”ADA>30IU的患者, å¯å¼€å§‹æŠ—ç»“æ ¸æ²»ç–—ã€‚
注释:
• 如果ä¸èƒ½è¿›è¡ŒPCR检测,考虑ç»éªŒæ€§æŠ—ç»“æ ¸æ²»ç–—ã€‚
• 如果培养阳性,继ç»æ²»ç–—,如果培养阴性则考虑克罗æ©ç—…。
* 临床风险评估包括æºäºŽç»“æ ¸é«˜æµè¡Œåœ°åŒºçš„æ—¢å¾€ç»“æ ¸ç—…å²å’Œæ— 腹腔脓肿的波动性高çƒã€‚
ADA,腺苷脱氨酶;CT,计算机æ–层扫æï¼›ITBï¼Œè‚ ç»“æ ¸ï¼›PCR,èšåˆé…¶é“¾å¼å应。
注释:
• 如果PCRä¸èƒ½è¿›è¡Œä¸”活检ä¸æ²¡æœ‰è…¹è†œç»“æ ¸çš„è¯æ®ï¼Œå¯è€ƒè™‘ç»éªŒæ€§æŠ—ç»“æ ¸æ²»ç–—å¹¶ç‰å¾…培养结果。
• 如果培养阳性,继ç»æ²»ç–—;如果培养阴性,需考虑克罗æ©ç—…(虽然腹水在克罗æ©ç—…æˆ–å…¶ä»–åŽŸå› ä¸ä¸å¸¸è§ï¼‰ã€‚
• 腺苷脱氨酶(ADAï¼‰æ´»æ€§åœ¨ç»“æ ¸ç—…ã€è‚ç—…å’ŒæŸäº›æ¶æ€§è‚¿ç˜¤ï¼ˆä»¥åŠå…¶ä»–疾病)ä¸å‡é«˜ã€‚
手术干预用于治疗并å‘ç—‡—纤维化ã€ç‹çª„和急腹症—或诊æ–ä¸æ˜Žç¡®æ—¶ã€‚
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