國際肥胖與代è¬ç–¾ç—…外科è¯åˆæœƒå’Œä¸–界胃腸病å¸çµ„ç¹”
2023
å¯©æ ¸å°çµ„
Scott Shikora (美國)
Reem Z. Sharaiha (美國)
Kevin P White (åŠ æ‹¿å¤§)
Guilherme Macedo (è‘¡è„牙)
James Toouli (澳洲)
Lilian Kow (澳洲)
å¼ é›…é›¯ 译 æˆ´å® å®¡æ ¡ 浙江大å¦åŒ»å¦é™¢é™„属邵逸夫医院
(点击展开区段)
å…¨çƒå¤§çº¦æœ‰15亿人患有肥胖症。这ç§ç–¾ç—…å¯ä»¥å¯¹ä¸€ä¸ªäººç”Ÿæ´»çš„å‡ ä¹Žæ‰€æœ‰æ–¹é¢éƒ½äº§ç”Ÿæ˜Žæ˜¾çš„ä¸è‰¯å½±å“,包括身体ã€å¿ƒç†å’Œç¤¾ä¼šç»æµŽã€‚æ ¹æ®å®žè¯ç ”究,肥胖与质é‡è°ƒæ•´ç”Ÿå‘½å¹´å’Œæ€»å¯¿å‘½çš„å‡å°‘相关,åŒæ—¶è¿˜å¢žåŠ 了众多改å˜ç”Ÿæ´»å¹¶å¯èƒ½å±åŠç”Ÿå‘½çš„并å‘症的风险,包括糖尿病ã€å¿ƒè¡€ç®¡ç–¾ç—…和至少13ç§ç™Œç—‡ã€‚然而,åªæœ‰å°‘数患者主动寻求æ£è§„治疗,并且很少能够实现有æ„义的ã€æŒç»çš„å‡é‡æˆ–改善肥胖相关的并å‘ç—‡ã€‚é€ æˆè¿™ç§æƒ…况的一个主è¦åŽŸå› 是公众和åˆçº§åŒ»ç–—ä¿å¥æ供者对已被è¯æ˜Žæœ‰æ•ˆçš„å„ç§æ²»ç–—方案缺ä¹äº†è§£ã€‚
在2020年下åŠå¹´ï¼Œå›½é™…肥胖与代谢疾病外科è”åˆä¼šï¼ˆIFSOï¼‰å’Œä¸–ç•Œèƒƒè‚ ç—…å¦ç»„织(WGO)的è”åˆå·¥ä½œç»„å¬å¼€ä¼šè®®ï¼Œå¯åŠ¨äº†èµ·è‰è‚¥èƒ–管ç†ç»¼åˆæŒ‡å—的过程。这个跨å¦ç§‘的工作组由è¥å…»å¦å®¶/è¥å…»å¸ˆã€å¿ƒç†å¦/行为ä¿å¥ä¸“业人员ã€å†…分泌å¦å’Œè‚ç—…å¦ä¸“家以åŠå‡é‡å¤–科医生和内镜医师组æˆã€‚指å—的制定包括四个主è¦æ¥éª¤ï¼šï¼ˆa)从多å¦ç§‘的角度对已å‘表的肥胖相关文献进行全é¢ç»¼è¿°ï¼›ï¼ˆb)对涵盖上述所有医疗领域的94ä½å›½é™…专家进行共识调查,并由一ä½å›½é™…MD-PhD水平的共识调查专家指导;(c)由å„领域的专家起è‰ç›¸åº”领域的指å—;(d)最åŽç”±å·¥ä½œç»„对指å—进行整ç†ã€ç»„织ã€ç¼–辑和批准。本文总结了由æ¤äº§ç”Ÿçš„指å—。
肥胖是一ç§æ…¢æ€§ç–¾ç—…,其特å¾æ˜¯å¼‚常和/或过é‡çš„ä½“è„‚ç§¯ç´¯ï¼Œå…¶èµ·å› å—é—ä¼ ã€è¡Œä¸ºå’ŒçŽ¯å¢ƒç‰å¤šç§å› ç´ å½±å“(1)。这ç§é«˜è„‚血症状æ€å¯¹äººçš„å¥åº·äº§ç”Ÿä¸åˆ©å½±å“ï¼Œå¢žåŠ ä»–ä»¬ç½¹æ‚£å¤šç§å¹¶å‘症和早é€çš„风险,并é™ä½Žäº†ä»–们的整体生活质é‡ï¼ˆ2)。已ç»è¢«è¯æ˜Žä¸Žè‚¥èƒ–相关的改å˜ç”Ÿæ´»å’Œç»å¸¸å±åŠç”Ÿå‘½çš„并å‘症包括2型糖尿病(T2DM)(3, 4, 5)ã€å¿ƒè¡€ç®¡ç–¾ç—…(5, 6, 7, 8)ã€ç¡çœ 呼å¸æš‚åœç»¼åˆå¾ï¼ˆ9, 10)ã€æ…¢æ€§è‚¾ç—…(11, 12),以åŠè‡³å°‘13ç§ä¸åŒç±»åž‹çš„癌症,包括乳腺癌ã€ç»“ç›´è‚ ç™Œã€è‚细胞癌ã€åµå·¢ç™Œã€èƒ°è…ºæ¶æ€§è‚¿ç˜¤å’Œå¤šå‘性骨髓瘤ç‰ï¼ˆ13, 14)。最近,肥胖已ç»è¢«ç»éªŒè¯æ˜Žæ˜¯å¯¼è‡´æ–°å† 病毒(COVID-19)感染患者ä¸è‰¯å¥åº·ç»“局(包括æ»äº¡ï¼‰çš„ç‹¬ç«‹é£Žé™©å› ç´ ï¼ˆ15, 16, 17, 18ï¼‰ã€‚ç”±äºŽè¿™äº›åŽŸå› ï¼Œè‚¥èƒ–çŽ°åœ¨è¢«è®¤ä¸ºæ˜¯å…¨çƒæ…¢æ€§ç–¾ç—…ã€æ®‹ç–¾ã€ç—…症以åŠç›´æŽ¥å’Œé—´æŽ¥åŒ»ç–—è´¹ç”¨å¢žåŠ çš„ä¸»è¦åŽŸå› 。
ä¸å¹¸çš„是,肥胖的患病率在全çƒèŒƒå›´å†…以åŠå„个年龄段ä¸éƒ½åœ¨å¢žåŠ ,包括儿童和é’少年(19, 20, 21, 22)。也就是说,过去å年间这些比率的增长速度在地域上å˜åœ¨å·®å¼‚ã€‚å› æ¤ï¼Œåœ°åŸŸå’Œç§æ—被认为是肥胖åŠå…¶ç›¸å…³ç–¾ç—…ç—…ç†ç”Ÿç†å¦çš„é‡è¦å› ç´ ï¼Œé’ˆå¯¹è‚¥èƒ–åŠå…¶å¹¶å‘症的干预措施必须考虑到这些è”系,以优化其有效性(23)。
肥胖患者所ç»åŽ†çš„å¥åº·çŠ¶å†µä¸‹é™å’Œç”Ÿæ´»è´¨é‡ä¸‹é™å¾ˆå¤§ç¨‹åº¦ä¸Šæ¥æºäºŽä¸€ç³»ä¾‹å¹¿æ³›çš„共病å¥åº·çŠ¶æ€ï¼Œè¿™äº›å‡ 乎影å“到æ¯ä¸ªå™¨å®˜ç³»ç»Ÿä»¥åŠèº«ä½“和心ç†å¥åº·ã€‚除了2åž‹ç³–å°¿ç—…ã€å¿ƒè¡€ç®¡ç–¾ç—…ã€ç¡çœ 呼å¸æš‚åœç»¼åˆå¾ã€è‚¾è„疾病和癌症之外,这些病症还包括代谢综åˆå¾ï¼ˆ24, 25)ã€è‚è„疾病(26, 27, 28)ã€èƒ†å›Šç–¾ç—…(29, 30)ã€èƒ°è…ºç‚Žï¼ˆ29, 30)ã€é™è„‰è¡€æ “æ “å¡žï¼ˆ31)ã€åŽ‹åŠ›æ€§å°¿å¤±ç¦ï¼ˆ32, 33)ã€ç‰¹å‘性颅内高压(34, 35)ã€éª¨å…³èŠ‚炎(36)以åŠæŠ‘éƒå’Œç„¦è™‘ç‰ç²¾ç¥žç–¾ç—…(37, 38, 39, 40, 41ï¼‰ã€‚ç”±äºŽä»¥ä¸‹å‡ ä¸ªåŽŸå› ï¼Œè®¤è¯†åˆ°è¿™äº›ç–¾ç—…æ˜¯è‡³å…³é‡è¦çš„,包括:(a)它们å¯èƒ½å¯¼è‡´ä¸¥é‡ç”šè‡³å±åŠç”Ÿå‘½çš„åŽæžœï¼›ï¼ˆb)其ä¸è®¸å¤šç—…症,包括糖尿病和心血管疾病,在æˆåŠŸçš„代谢和å‡é‡æ‰‹æœ¯ï¼ˆMBS)或å‡é‡å†…镜治疗åŽå¾—以改善甚至完全消失。å¦ä¸€æ–¹é¢ï¼ŒæŸäº›å…¶ä»–病症,如æŸäº›ç™Œç—‡çš„风险,在MBSåŽå¯èƒ½ä¼šä¹Ÿå¯èƒ½ä¸ä¼šä¸‹é™ã€‚
诊æ–ã€ç®¡ç†å’Œç›‘测并å‘症是医疗从业者采用多å¦ç§‘团队方法æ¥ç®¡ç†è‚¥èƒ–患者的众多åˆç†ç†ç”±ä¹‹ä¸€ã€‚å¦ä¸€ä¸ªç†ç”±æ˜¯ï¼Œè¿‘å‡ åå¹´æ¥éšç€ä¸€ç³»åˆ—治疗方法(如手术和内镜治疗)的出现,肥胖的管ç†å‘生了巨大å˜åŒ–,这些方法在实现和维æŒå‡é‡ã€å‡å°‘并å‘症以åŠæ”¹å–„患者整体生活质é‡æ–¹é¢å·²è¢«è¯æ˜Žæ¯”å•çº¯çš„ä¿å®ˆæ²»ç–—更为有效(42, 43, 44, 45)。然而,多å¦ç§‘管ç†çš„å¦ä¸€ä¸ªåŸºæœ¬è®ºæ®æ˜¯ï¼Œè‚¥èƒ–相关的身体和精神疾病的å˜åœ¨ã€ä¸¥é‡ç¨‹åº¦ä»¥åŠå…¶æŽ§åˆ¶ç¨‹åº¦ï¼Œéƒ½ä¼šå½±å“手术治疗对æŸä¸ªæ‚£è€…是å¦é€‚åˆå’Œå®‰å…¨ï¼Œä»¥åŠé€‰æ‹©å“ªç§æœ¯å¼çš„决ç–。
æ£æ˜¯è€ƒè™‘到这一点,国际肥胖与代谢疾病外科è”åˆä¼šï¼ˆIFSOï¼‰å’Œä¸–ç•Œèƒƒè‚ ç—…å¦ç»„织(WGO)的æˆå‘˜åœ¨2020年下åŠå¹´å…±åŒæˆç«‹äº†ä¸€ä¸ªå¤šå¦ç§‘顾问委员会,主è¦ç›®çš„是制定并最终å‘布关于肥胖åŠå…¶ç›¸å…³å¹¶å‘症管ç†çš„共识指å—。起è‰è¿™äº›æŒ‡å—ä¾èµ–äºŽä»¥ä¸‹å‡ ä¸ªæ–¹é¢ï¼šï¼ˆa)由多å¦ç§‘团队进行的全é¢æ–‡çŒ®ç»¼è¿°ï¼Œè¯¥å›¢é˜Ÿç”±å‡é‡å¤–科医生和内镜医师ã€å†…分泌å¦æˆ–è‚ç—…å¦ä¸“科医师ã€è¥å…»å¦å®¶/è¥å…»å¸ˆä»¥åŠå¿ƒç†å¦/行为ä¿å¥ä¸“业人员组æˆï¼Œæ‰€æœ‰æˆå‘˜åœ¨è‚¥èƒ–管ç†æ–¹é¢éƒ½å…·æœ‰ä¸°å¯Œçš„ç»éªŒï¼›ï¼ˆb)在涵盖上述所有专业领域和å…大洲的94ä½å›½é™…专家ä¸ï¼Œé€šè¿‡ä¸‰é˜¶æ®µçš„在线共识(德尔è²ï¼‰è°ƒæŸ¥ä»¥ç¡®å®šè‚¥èƒ–管ç†ä¸çš„共识和éžå…±è¯†é¢†åŸŸï¼›ï¼ˆc)由åŒä¸€å¤šå¦ç§‘团队起è‰æŒ‡å—。指å—的完整副本和所有的德尔è²è°ƒæŸ¥ç»“果已ç»åœ¨IFSO (https://www.ifso.com)å’ŒWGO (https://worldgastroenterology.org)网站上å‘布。关于德尔è²è°ƒæŸ¥çš„设计和结果的论文也已在其他地方å‘表(23)。本文总结了共识指å—çš„è¦ç‚¹ã€‚
肥胖管ç†è¦æƒ³å–å¾—æˆåŠŸï¼Œéœ€è¦é‡‡ç”¨å¤šå¦ç§‘的方法对其进行评估和治疗(2, 46, 47, 48);而这ç§å¤šå¦ç§‘的方法应该从对æ¯ä¸ªæ‚£è€…的身体å¥åº·å’Œä½“能水平ã€å¿ƒç†å¥åº·ã€è¥å…»å¥åº·ã€é¥®é£Ÿä¹ 惯以åŠä¸ªäººä¿¡å¿µã€ç›®æ ‡å’ŒæœŸæœ›è¿›è¡Œå…¨é¢è¯„ä¼°å¼€å§‹ã€‚æ— è®ºæ‚£è€…æ˜¯å¦ä»…考虑采用ä¿å®ˆç–—法(如饮食ã€è¿åŠ¨ã€å’¨è¯¢ã€è¯ç‰©ï¼‰æˆ–结åˆå†…镜或外科å‡é‡æ‰‹æœ¯ï¼Œå¤šå¦ç§‘çš„å…¨é¢è¯„估都是必è¦çš„。
通过这些评估,患者通常会了解并由指定的医å¦ã€å¿ƒç†/行为å¥åº·å’Œè¥å…»ä¸“家确定是å¦é€‚åˆæŽ¥å—å‡é‡æ‰‹æœ¯ã€‚由于患者需è¦å®‰æŽ’和预约é¢è°ˆå’Œæ£€æŸ¥ï¼Œå¹¶å¯èƒ½è¿›è¡Œä¸€äº›æµç¨‹æ¥ç¡®å®šä»–们是å¦è¶³å¤Ÿå¥åº·ä»¥æ‰¿å—å‡é‡æ‰‹æœ¯(49),这一评估阶段还å¯ä»¥å¸®åŠ©é¢„测他们在肥胖管ç†è®¡åˆ’ä¸çš„å¯èƒ½çš„ä¾ä»Žæ€§å’ŒæˆåŠŸç¨‹åº¦ã€‚
一ä½è®ç»ƒæœ‰ç´ 的心ç†æ²»ç–—师,最好是在管ç†è‚¥èƒ–患者方é¢æœ‰ç›¸å½“的专业知识,应该在åˆæ¥è¯„ä¼°ä¸å‘挥主è¦ä½œç”¨ã€‚è¿™æ ·çš„å¿ƒç†è¯„ä¼°æœ‰å‡ ä¸ªç›®çš„ï¼Œå…¶ä¸ä¹‹ä¸€æ˜¯è¯†åˆ«å¯èƒ½å‰Šå¼±ä»»ä½•æ²»ç–—方法有效性的ä¸æ£å¸¸é¥®é£Ÿè¡Œä¸ºï¼Œå¦‚暴饮暴食ã€æƒ…绪性进食和食物æˆç˜¾(50)。虽然“食物æˆç˜¾”的概念ä»æœªè¢«è¯å®žä¸”å˜åœ¨äº‰è®®(51),但由于肥胖表现出许多相åŒçš„ç—‡çŠ¶ï¼Œå› æ¤è¯„ä¼°è¡Œä¸ºå› ç´ ä¹Ÿå¾ˆé‡è¦ï¼Œè¿™äº›å› ç´ å¯èƒ½ä½¿æ‚£è€…在治疗过程ä¸å‡ºçŽ°ä¸Žé…’精和/或其他物质和/或行为滥用相关问题的风险增高,特别是如果æ£åœ¨è€ƒè™‘采用更具侵入性和永久改å˜ç”Ÿæ´»æ–¹å¼çš„方法,如MBS(52)。
必须识别患有严é‡ç²¾ç¥žéšœç¢çš„患者,如精神分裂症或åŒç›¸æƒ…æ„Ÿéšœç¢ã€‚然而,这ç§ç–¾ç—…本身并ä¸æ˜¯MBSçš„ç»å¯¹ç¦å¿Œç—‡ã€‚更确切地说,精神症状的严é‡ç¨‹åº¦ä»¥åŠå…¶æŽ§åˆ¶æƒ…况预测了å‡é‡æ‰‹æœ¯çš„结局,包括å‡é‡æ•ˆæžœå’Œç²¾ç¥žå¥åº·ç»“æžœ(53)。æ¢å¥è¯è¯´ï¼Œå³ä½¿æ‚£æœ‰åƒç²¾ç¥žåˆ†è£‚ç—‡è¿™æ ·çš„é‡å¤§ç²¾ç¥žç–¾ç—…的患者,如果他们的精神症状得到良好控制,也å¯ä»¥è€ƒè™‘进行MBS。
早期的心ç†è¯„估还需è¦è¯„ä¼°æ¯ä¸ªäººå¯¹è‡ªå·±è‚¥èƒ–的看法以åŠå› æ¤è€Œæ„Ÿåˆ°çš„è€»è¾±ç¨‹åº¦ã€‚è¿™æ˜¯å› ä¸ºç›¸å½“å¤§æ¯”ä¾‹çš„è‚¥èƒ–æ‚£è€…éƒ½ç»åŽ†è¿‡ä½“é‡åè§ã€è‚¥èƒ–耻辱和æ§è§†(54, 55),甚至在普通医疗环境ä¸ä¹Ÿå¦‚æ¤(56, 57)。å³ä½¿æ˜¯å‚与肥胖管ç†çš„医务工作者对肥胖和肥胖患者也ç»å¸¸æŒæœ‰åè§çš„信念和æ€åº¦(58)。为了应对这一问题,肥胖管ç†å›¢é˜Ÿçš„æ¯ä½æˆå‘˜éƒ½å¿…须将肥胖视为一ç§æ…¢æ€§ç–¾ç—…,就åƒçŽ°åœ¨å…¶è®¤è¯†åˆ°çš„é‚£æ ·ï¼Œæ—¢è¦çº æ£æ‚£è€…认为肥胖仅仅是æ„志力薄弱的结果的观念,åˆè¦å¼ºè°ƒæ‚£è€…定期终身éšè®¿å’Œæ²»ç–—ä¾ä»Žæ€§çš„é‡è¦æ€§ã€‚这些医务工作者必须特别è¦æƒ•è‡ªå·±æ½œåœ¨çš„体é‡åè§ï¼Œå¹¶è®¤è¯†åˆ°æ‚£è€…如果觉察到这ç§åè§å¯èƒ½ä¼šä¸æ„¿æ„éµä»Žéšè®¿å’Œæ•´ä½“治疗计划。对于进行åˆæ¥å¿ƒç†è¯„估的医疗专业人员æ¥è¯´ï¼Œå¸®åŠ©æ‚£è€…早期建立实际å¯è¡Œçš„å‡é‡ç›®æ ‡å’Œå…¶ä»–结果(如糖尿病控制)也éžå¸¸é‡è¦ï¼Œä»¥å…未能达到ä¸åˆ‡å®žé™…çš„å‡é‡æ°´å¹³å¯¼è‡´åŽæ¥çš„挫败感,进而å¯èƒ½é™ä½Žæ‚£è€…对治疗计划的ä¾ä»Žæ€§æˆ–选择退出。
肥胖管ç†è¿˜éœ€è¦è¿›è¡Œè¯¦ç»†çš„è¥å…»è¯„估和长期的è¥å…»éšè®¿ï¼Œå³ä½¿æ‰‹æœ¯è¢«é€‰ä¸ºæ²»ç–—的基石。与心ç†è¯„ä¼°ä¸€æ ·ï¼Œè¿™æ ·åšæœ‰å‡ ä¸ªåŽŸå› ã€‚é¦–å…ˆï¼Œä½œä¸ºè¾…åŠ©æ²»ç–—ï¼Œé¥®é£ŸæŽªæ–½å¯ä»¥æ高手术效果。其次,潜在的å±åŠç”Ÿå‘½çš„è¥å…»ç¼ºä¹å¯èƒ½åœ¨é€‰æ‹©æŽ¥å—或ä¸æŽ¥å—MBS的患者ä¸å‡ºçŽ°(59, 60, 61, 62)。最近å‘表的一些临床实践和最佳实践指å—涵盖了打算接å—或已ç»æŽ¥å—MBS的患者的è¥å…»æŠ¤ç†ï¼ŒåŒ…括建议进行术å‰åŒ»å¦æ£€æŸ¥ï¼Œå¹¶ç”±æ³¨å†Œè¥å…»å¸ˆï¼ˆRD)进行è¥å…»è¯„ä¼°ã€æ供教育和æŒç»ç›‘测(49, 59, 63, 64, 65, 66)。目å‰ä¹Ÿå·²ç»ç¡®ç«‹ï¼Œå¯¹äºŽä»»ä½•æŽ¥å—MBS的患者,必须从术å‰å¼€å§‹è¿›è¡ŒæŠ¤ç†ï¼Œå¹¶ä¸”必须包括对微é‡è¥å…»ç´ 缺ä¹çš„术å‰ç›æŸ¥ï¼Œä»¥å®žçŽ°è‰¯å¥½çš„患者预åŽ(59, 63, 64, 66)ã€‚å› æ¤ï¼Œè‚¥èƒ–管ç†åº”该从全é¢è¯„ä¼°æ¯ä½æ‚£è€…çš„è¥å…»çŠ¶å†µå’Œé¥®é£Ÿä¹ 惯开始,任何è¥å…»ç¼ºä¹å¿…须在MBS之å‰å¾—åˆ°çº æ£ã€‚
è¿åŠ¨æ˜¯æ²»ç–—çš„å¦ä¸€ä¸ªé‡è¦ç»„æˆéƒ¨åˆ†ï¼Œå³ä½¿è¿›è¡Œäº†MBSï¼Œå› ä¸ºå®ƒèƒ½å¸¦æ¥è¯¸å¦‚体é‡å‡è½»ã€é™ä½Žè¡€åŽ‹ã€æ”¹å–„身体功能ã€å¢žå¼ºè„‚质代谢ã€é™ä½Žç©ºè…¹è¡€ç³–æ°´å¹³ã€æ”¹å–„心ç†å¥åº·å’Œæ高整体生活质é‡ç‰å¥åº·ç›Šå¤„(67, 68, 69)ã€‚ç ”ç©¶è¿˜å‘现,相对于久åä¸åŠ¨çš„人,适度è¿åŠ¨çš„ä¸ªä½“çš„å…¨å› æ»äº¡é£Žé™©é™ä½Žäº†16-30%,而这与患者的体é‡æŒ‡æ•°ï¼ˆBMIï¼‰å’Œè…°å›´æ— å…³ã€‚å› æ¤ï¼Œå°±åƒä»–们的心ç†å’Œè¥å…»çŠ¶å†µä¸€æ ·ï¼Œæ‚£è€…当å‰çš„身体å¥åº·çŠ¶å†µã€è¿åŠ¨å…´è¶£ä»¥åŠä¸åŒè¿åŠ¨æ–¹æ¡ˆçš„适应能力也必须在早期进行评估。
ä½œä¸ºä¸€èˆ¬åŽŸåˆ™ï¼Œæ— è®ºé€‰æ‹©æŽ¥å—还是拒ç»æ‰‹æœ¯æ²»ç–—,éžæ‰‹æœ¯ç®¡ç†çš„所有方é¢éƒ½å¿…é¡»æ ¹æ®æ¯ä¸ªæ‚£è€…的情况进行é‡èº«å®šåˆ¶ï¼Œå› 为没有任何一ç§é¥®é£Ÿã€è¡Œä¸ºã€è¿åŠ¨è®¡åˆ’或è¯ç‰©ä¼šè¢«æ‰€æœ‰æ‚£è€…接å—或一定有效,也没有è¯æ®è¡¨æ˜Žå…¶ä¸ä»»ä½•ä¸€ç§æ˜¯é¦–选或优于其他方法的。还需è¦å¯¹è‚¥èƒ–管ç†çš„所有éžæ‰‹æœ¯ç–—法进行长期甚至最好是终身监测,以æŒç»è¯„ä¼°æ²»ç–—æ•ˆæžœï¼Œè¯†åˆ«æ²»ç–—çš„æ— å应性和/或ä¸è€å—,并å‘现所选择治疗å¯èƒ½å¼•èµ·çš„任何ä¸è‰¯å应。
也必须识别相关疾病,包括2型糖尿病(T2DM),阻塞性ç¡çœ 呼å¸æš‚åœï¼ˆOSA),高血压和血脂异常,评估其严é‡ç¨‹åº¦ï¼Œå¹¶åœ¨æœ¯å‰è¿›è¡Œé€‚当的治疗。由于肥胖是13ç§ä¸åŒç±»åž‹ç™Œç—‡çš„常è§å±é™©å› ç´ ï¼Œå› æ¤æ ¹æ®å›½å®¶æŒ‡å—ï¼Œåº”åŠ å¼ºç™Œç—‡ç›æŸ¥çš„é‡è¦æ€§ï¼ˆ46, 47, 49, 70)。对于考虑进行MBS的患者,如果有胃食管åæµç—…(GERD)或其他上消化é“疾病å²æˆ–症状,或æ£åœ¨æŽ¥å—长期抑酸治疗的,也建议进行术å‰ä¸Šæ¶ˆåŒ–é“(UGI)内镜检查(71)。在当å‰æ—¶æœŸï¼Œæ‚£è€…çš„æ–°åž‹å† çŠ¶ç—…æ¯’ï¼ˆCOVID-19)状æ€ä¹Ÿè¢«è®¤ä¸ºè‡³å…³é‡è¦ï¼ˆ23ï¼‰ï¼Œå› ä¸ºå¤šé¡¹ç ”ç©¶å‘现,肥胖是COVID-19严é‡ç¨‹åº¦çš„一个é‡è¦ç‹¬ç«‹å†³å®šå› ç´ ï¼ˆ72, 73, 74, 75, 76)。还有两个特殊的患者群体值得进一æ¥è®¨è®ºï¼Œå³è€å¹´äººå’Œé’少年,将在下一部分详细é˜è¿°ã€‚
å‡ é¡¹è§‚å¯Ÿæ€§ç ”ç©¶è¡¨æ˜Žï¼Œæ— è®ºæ˜¯ä»Žæ»äº¡çŽ‡è¿˜æ˜¯å…¶ä»–严é‡åŽæžœæ¥çœ‹ï¼Œå‡é‡æ‰‹æœ¯çš„整体风险对于è€å¹´äººè€Œè¨€æ˜¯ä½Žçš„(77, 78)。然而,关于这ç§é£Žé™©æ˜¯å¦ç›¸å¯¹äºŽå¹´è½»æˆå¹´äººè€Œè¨€å¢žåŠ ,在文献ä¸å˜åœ¨çŸ›ç›¾ã€‚例如,在一项涵盖了ä¹é¡¹ç ”究的包å«äº†4391例进行了RYGB手术个体(其ä¸366例>60å²ï¼Œ4025例≤60å²ï¼‰çš„èŸèƒåˆ†æžä¸ï¼Œå‘现è€å¹´äººçš„å‘病率(优势比OR=1.88,95% CI [1.07, 3.30],p=0.03)和æ»äº¡çŽ‡ï¼ˆOR=4.38 [1.25, 15.31],p=0.02)都显著å‡é«˜(79)。å¦ä¸€æ–¹é¢ï¼Œå¦ä¸€é¡¹èŸèƒåˆ†æžå‘现,在60å²ä»¥ä¸Šä¸Ž60å²åŠä»¥ä¸‹çš„患者ä¸ï¼Œä¸è®ºè¿›è¡Œä½•ç§æ‰‹æœ¯ï¼Œå…¶å¹¶å‘症率相当(80)。æŸäº›ç‰¹å®šçš„并å‘症在è€å¹´äººä¸å¯èƒ½æ›´å¸¸è§ï¼ŒåŒ…括æŸäº›è¥å…»ç¼ºä¹ç—‡(81)ï¼Œå› æ¤éœ€è¦è¿›è¡Œå¯†åˆ‡ã€é•¿æœŸçš„éšè®¿ã€‚虽然比较ä¸åŒçš„å‡é‡æ‰‹æœ¯æ–¹å¼åœ¨ç–—效和安全性方é¢çš„æ•°æ®æœ‰é™ï¼Œä½†è®¸å¤šç ”究已ç»ç¡®å®šï¼Œè…¹è…”é•œRYGB手术是è€å¹´æ‚£è€…çš„å¯è¡Œé€‰æ‹©(79, 82, 83, 84, 85)。有趣的是,尽管è€å¹´æ‚£è€…的总体体é‡å‡è½»å¯èƒ½æ¯”年轻患者少,但代谢å应和共病改善率似乎好于年轻患者(86)。
æ ¹æ®ä¸–ç•Œå«ç”Ÿç»„织(WHO)å‘布的统计数æ®ï¼Œç›®å‰æœ‰è¶…过3.4亿的19å²åŠä»¥ä¸‹çš„人群æ£å—到超é‡æˆ–肥胖的影å“,包括3900万五å²ä»¥ä¸‹çš„å„¿ç«¥(20)。åƒæˆå¹´äººä¸€æ ·ï¼Œå„¿ç«¥è‚¥èƒ–与多ç§ä¸è‰¯çš„身心å¥åº·æœ‰å…³ï¼ŒåŒ…括2åž‹ç³–å°¿ç—…ã€è„‚肪è‚ã€ç¡çœ 呼å¸æš‚åœç»¼åˆå¾ã€å¿ƒè¡€ç®¡ç–¾ç—…和多囊åµå·¢ç»¼åˆå¾(87, 88, 89),以åŠè´Ÿé¢çš„社会结果,如自尊心差ã€å¦ä¹ æˆç»©ä¸‹é™ã€æŠ‘éƒå’Œç”Ÿæ´»è´¨é‡ä¸‹é™(88, 89)。æ¤å¤–,大多数é’少年肥胖者在æˆå¹´æ—¶ä»ç„¶ä¿æŒè‚¥èƒ–(90),é’少年严é‡è‚¥èƒ–是一个特别值得关注的问题。é’春期严é‡è‚¥èƒ–的风险包括预期寿命和生活质é‡å¹´æ•°çš„å‡å°‘(91)。关于治疗方é¢ï¼ŒçŸæœŸç ”究显示,é’少年进行MBS的结果与æˆå¹´äººç›¸ä¼¼ï¼ŒåŒ…括疗效ã€ä¸»è¦å¹¶å‘ç—‡ã€å†å…¥é™¢çŽ‡å’Œæ»äº¡çŽ‡(23)。æŒä¹…çš„å‡é‡ä»¥åŠæ”¹å–„肥胖相关并å‘症和生活质é‡é€šå¸¸æ˜¯å¯ä»¥å®žçŽ°çš„。腹腔镜袖状胃切除术(LSG)是é’å°‘å¹´ä¸æœ€å¸¸è§çš„手术,其次是RYGB,而胆胰分æµå¹¶åäºŒæŒ‡è‚ è½¬ä½æœ¯å’Œå•å»åˆå£èƒƒæ—路术(OAGB)通常ä¸æŽ¨è给这个年龄组的患者(92)。ä¸å¹¸çš„是,尽管有大é‡å‘表的ç»éªŒè¯æ®è¯å®žMBS是é’少年严é‡è‚¥èƒ–最有效的治疗方法,但在é’å°‘å¹´ä¸è¿›è¡ŒMBS手术的数é‡ä»ç„¶è½åŽäºŽå…¨çƒè¯¥å¹´é¾„组ä¸è¿…速增长的严é‡è‚¥èƒ–的患病率(92, 93, 94)。这å¯èƒ½æ˜¯ç”±äºŽåŒ»ç”Ÿå’Œå…¬ä¼—对æ¤äº†è§£ä¸è¶³ï¼Œä»¥åŠç¼ºä¹å·²å‘表的关于é’å°‘å¹´MBS长期结果,这些都æˆä¸ºé˜»æ¢è¿™äº›é’少年转诊接å—MBSçš„éšœç¢(95)。
在æŸäº›ç‰¹å®šæ‚£è€…ä¸ï¼Œå¯ä»¥è€ƒè™‘选择内镜代谢和å‡é‡æ²»ç–—(EMBT)作为å‡é‡æ‰‹æœ¯çš„替代方案,其包括了一系列ä¾èµ–于三ç§ä¸»è¦ä½œç”¨æœºåˆ¶ä¹‹ä¸€çš„治疗方法。这些机制包括é™åˆ¶ï¼ˆå‡å°‘胃容é‡ï¼‰ã€èƒ†èƒ°åˆ†æµï¼ˆéƒ¨åˆ†åˆ†ç¦»åäºŒæŒ‡è‚ å’Œç©ºè‚ ä¸Šæ®µç²˜è†œï¼Œé˜²æ¢é£Ÿç‰©æš´éœ²äºŽæ¶ˆåŒ–液)以åŠç»çš®æŠ½å¸å·²æ‘„入的胃内容物(96, 97)。EMBTçš„å½¢å¼ä¹Ÿå¯ä»¥åˆ†ä¸ºèƒƒå’Œå°è‚ 两类(96, 97)。目å‰ï¼Œåªæœ‰é™åˆ¶èƒƒå®¹é‡çš„EMBT,如ä¸åŒåž‹å·çš„胃内çƒå›Šï¼ˆIGB)和内镜下袖状胃æˆå½¢æœ¯ï¼ˆESG),æ£åœ¨å¸¸è§„临床实践ä¸ä½¿ç”¨ã€‚ç›®å‰EMBT的适应è¯èŒƒå›´æ˜¯BMI在30kg/m2到40kg/m2;或伴有一ç§æˆ–多ç§è‚¥èƒ–相关的并å‘症的BMI> 27kg/m2的患者。
一般æ¥è¯´ï¼ŒEMBTå³ä½¿ä¸æ¯”MBS更安全,也被认为是安全的,尽管ä»ç„¶ç¼ºä¹é•¿æœŸæ•°æ®ã€‚EMBT相对于MBS的优势在于大多数å¯ä»¥è½»æ¾è¢«é‡å¤å’Œé€†è½¬ã€‚许多EMBT由于其本身的性质(例如,胃内çƒå›Šï¼‰ï¼Œæ˜¯æš‚时性的。æ®æŠ¥é“,EMBTçš„å‡é‡æ•ˆæžœé€šå¸¸åœ¨æ€»ä½“é‡çš„10%到20%ä¹‹é—´ã€‚å› æ¤ï¼Œå®ƒä»¬é€šå¸¸ä»…被建议用于ä¸å¤ªä¸¥é‡çš„肥胖患者(I或II级)或作为ç‰å¾…MBS的严é‡è‚¥èƒ–患者的过渡治疗(23)。最近,FDA已批准内镜袖状胃æˆå½¢æœ¯ï¼ˆESG)用于BMI为30-50mg/kg2的患者。长达五年的长期数æ®æ˜¾ç¤ºï¼Œä½“é‡å¹³å‡é™ä½Žäº†æ€»ä½“é‡çš„15%(109)。表1æ述和总结了目å‰å®žæ–½EMBT的更多细节。
在å„ç§å¯ç”¨çš„EMBTä¸ï¼Œè¿„今为æ¢å¯¹äºŽèƒƒå†…çƒå›Šï¼ˆIGB)的支æŒæ€§è¯æ®æœ€ä¸ºå……分,éšæœºä¸´åºŠè¯•éªŒå’ŒèŸèƒåˆ†æžå‡æ˜¾ç¤ºäº†æ˜¾è‘—的体é‡å‡è½»å’Œç›¸å¯¹è¾ƒä½Žçš„严é‡ä¸è‰¯äº‹ä»¶å‘生率(98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103)。最常报告的副作用和治疗ä¸æ–çš„åŽŸå› æ˜¯æ¶å¿ƒï¼Œå……æ°´çƒå›Šåœ¨è¿™æ–¹é¢çš„è€å—性ç¨å·®ï¼ˆ104)。å¦ä¸€æ–¹é¢ï¼Œåœ¨ä¸€é¡¹æ¯”较充水和充气IGBçš„èŸèƒåˆ†æžä¸ï¼Œä¸Žå……æ°”çƒå›Šç›¸æ¯”,充水çƒå›Šä¸Žæ›´å¤§ã€æ›´ç¨³å®šçš„体é‡å‡è½»æœ‰å…³ï¼ˆ99)。美国食å“è¯å“监ç£ç®¡ç†å±€ï¼ˆFDA)已ç»æ‰¹å‡†äº†å‡ ç§IGB,并获得了CE(符åˆæ¬§æ´²æ ‡å‡†ï¼‰æ ‡å¿—。
内镜袖状胃æˆå½¢æœ¯ï¼ˆESG)是å¦ä¸€ç§å†…镜下å‡å°‘胃容é‡çš„方法,是在内镜下沿ç€èƒƒå¤§å¼¯è¿›è¡Œå…¨å±‚è¿žç»ç¼åˆã€‚一ç§å为OverStitchTM的内镜ç¼åˆç³»ç»Ÿï¼ˆApollo Endosurgery, Austin, TX)已获得FDAå’ŒCEæ ‡å¿—çš„è®¤è¯ã€‚åœ¨å‡ é¡¹æ¯”è¾ƒESG与更侵入性的腹腔镜袖状胃切除术(LSG)的èŸèƒåˆ†æžä¸ï¼Œç ”究结果普é显示å‰è€…体é‡å‡è½»æ›´å°‘,但有ä¸è‰¯äº‹ä»¶æ›´å°‘的趋势(尽管没有统计å¦æ„义)(105, 106, 107, 108)。也就是说,èŸèƒåˆ†æžçš„作者一直建议将ESG的使用é™åˆ¶åœ¨è½»åº¦è‡³ä¸åº¦ï¼ˆI或II级)肥胖患者ä¸ï¼ˆ105, 106, 107, 108, 109)。
对于胃延迟和胃抽å¸æ‰‹æœ¯çš„支æŒæ€§è¯æ®è¦å°‘得多,其应用ä»å分有é™ï¼Œå°½ç®¡è¿™ä¸¤ç§æ“作的具体方法已获得FDA批准(表1)。迄今为æ¢ï¼ŒFDA或CEæ ‡å¿—å°šæœªæ‰¹å‡†ä»»ä½•å°è‚ æ—路手术。
尽管有EMBTçš„å‡ºçŽ°ï¼Œåœ¨è¿‡åŽ»çš„å‡ å年里,越æ¥è¶Šå¤šçš„è¯æ®è¡¨æ˜Žï¼ŒMBS是目å‰å¯¹äºŽè‚¥èƒ–最有效的治疗方法,å¯ä»¥å‡è½»ä½“é‡ã€æ”¹å–„与BMI相关的多ç§å¹¶å‘ç—‡ã€æ高患者整体生活质é‡ã€é™ä½Žæ‚£è€…æ»äº¡çŽ‡(110)。在目å‰ä½¿ç”¨çš„å„ç§æ‰‹æœ¯æ–¹å¼ä¸ï¼Œè¢–状胃切除术(SG)和RYGB是全çƒèŒƒå›´å†…最常è§æœ¯å¼ï¼Œå°½ç®¡åƒå•å»åˆå£èƒƒæ—路术(OAGB)(111)è¿™æ ·çš„æ–°åž‹æœ¯å¼ä¹Ÿæ˜¾ç¤ºå‡ºä¸€å®šçš„å‰æ™¯ã€‚选择哪ç§æ‰‹æœ¯æ–¹å¼åº”该很大程度上å–决于æ¯ä¸ªæ‚£è€…的具体情况,这一决定å—到å„ç§æ‚£è€…特å¾çš„å½±å“,例如,有è¯æ®è¡¨æ˜Žï¼ŒGERD患者更倾å‘于使用RYGB而ä¸æ˜¯SG(112, 113, 114, 115),åŒæ—¶è¿˜åº”考虑外科医生对æ¯ç§æ‰‹æœ¯æ–¹å¼çš„ç»éªŒæ°´å¹³ã€‚æ— è®ºé€‰æ‹©å“ªç§æ‰‹æœ¯ï¼Œæ‚£è€…在术å‰éƒ½å¿…须接å—多å¦ç§‘团队的全é¢è¯„估,以确定他们是å¦é€‚åˆæ‰‹æœ¯ï¼Œå¹¶å‘现å¯èƒ½éœ€è¦è§£å†³çš„任何问题。
如å‰æ‰€è¿°ï¼ŒMBS的术å‰æ‚£è€…准备工作包括确ä¿æ¯ä½æ‚£è€…对手术å¯èƒ½äº§ç”Ÿçš„ç›Šå¤„å’Œæ½œåœ¨é—®é¢˜æœ‰åˆ‡å®žçš„ç›®æ ‡å’ŒæœŸæœ›ï¼Œå¹¶è§£å†³æ‰€æœ‰å½±å“ä¾ä»Žæ€§çš„心ç†ç¤¾ä¼šå’Œè¡Œä¸ºéšœç¢ã€‚患者还必须è¦æƒ•ä»»ä½•è¥å…»ç¼ºä¹ï¼Œå¹¶åœ¨æœ¯å‰è¿›è¡Œçº æ£ã€‚戒烟ã€æˆ’酒和戒毒是强制性的,并应åšæŒç»ˆèº«(23)。还应评估和指导患者制定一套å¯ä»¥åœ¨æœ¯åŽæ¢å¤è¿‡ç¨‹ä¸åˆ‡å®žæ“作的è¿åŠ¨æ–¹æ¡ˆã€‚æ¤å¤–,在åƒCOVID-19è¿™æ ·å±åŠç”Ÿå‘½çš„大æµè¡ŒæœŸé—´ï¼Œå¿…须采å–适当的预防措施æ¥ä¿æŠ¤ç‰å¾…和进行MBSçš„è‚¥èƒ–æ‚£è€…ï¼Œå› ä¸ºä»–ä»¬ç‰¹åˆ«å®¹æ˜“å‡ºçŽ°ä¸¥é‡çš„COVID症状和æ»äº¡(72, 73, 74, 75, 76)。
为了使MBS能够æˆåŠŸåœ°é•¿æœŸæ”¹å–„患者的å¥åº·çŠ¶å†µï¼Œæ‚£è€…åŠå…¶åŒ»åŠ¡å·¥ä½œè€…都需è¦ç»ˆèº«è‡´åŠ›äºŽæŒç»çš„治疗和监测。这包括在围手术期密切监测患者的围手术期并å‘症,并终身进行éšè®¿ï¼Œæœ€å¥½ç”±ä¹‹å‰å‚与评估和管ç†çš„多å¦ç§‘肥胖管ç†å›¢é˜Ÿè´Ÿè´£ã€‚è¿™æ˜¯å› ä¸ºMBS改å˜äº†ä»–们生活和生ç†çš„许多方é¢ï¼Œå¯èƒ½ä¼šå¯¹ä»–们的身体ã€å¿ƒç†å’Œç¤¾äº¤æ–¹é¢äº§ç”Ÿå½±å“。其ä¸ä¸€äº›å˜åŒ–(例如体é‡å‡è½»ã€æ”¹å–„糖尿病)是å¯å–的,而其他一些å˜åŒ–(例如食物ä¸è€å—ã€èƒƒè‚ ä¸é€‚ã€çš®è‚¤æ¾å¼›ï¼‰åˆ™ä¸æ˜¯ã€‚例如,在MBS之åŽï¼Œæ‚£è€…å‘生胆结石(116, 117, 118, 119)ã€ç—›é£Ž(120, 121, 122, 123)和肾结石(124, 125, 126, 127)ç‰ç–¾ç—…çš„é£Žé™©å¢žåŠ ã€‚è¥å…»ç¼ºä¹ä¹Ÿå¯èƒ½å‡ºçŽ°ï¼Œå…¶ä¸ä¸€äº›å¯èƒ½æ˜¯ç¾éš¾æ€§çš„,包括但ä¸é™äºŽä¸æž¢å’Œå¤–周神ç»ç³»ç»Ÿç–¾ç—…(128, 129)ã€ä¸¥é‡çš„蛋白质è¥å…»ä¸è‰¯(62, 130)ã€ç»§å‘于体é‡å¿«é€Ÿå‡è½»å’Œç»´ç”Ÿç´ D缺ä¹çš„骨质ç–æ¾å’Œéª¨è½¯åŒ–ç—‡(131, 132, 133, 134)ã€ç¼ºé“性贫血(135, 136)å’Œå…疫功能低下(137)。这些缺ä¹åœ¨æŽ¥å—RYGBå’ŒSG手术的患者ä¸çš„å‘生率分别是87%å’Œ70%å·¦å³(138, 139)ã€‚å› æ¤ï¼Œé™¤äº†ç›‘测之外,术åŽéšè®¿è¿˜éœ€è¦ç¡®ä¿æ‚£è€…éµå®ˆè¥å…»æŒ‡å—,并按照处方æœç”¨ç»´ç”Ÿç´ 和矿物质补充剂。还必须强调终身戒烟ã€æˆ’酒和戒用所有娱ä¹è¯ç‰©ã€‚
由于多ç§åŽŸå› ,对患者的è¯ç‰©å’Œå…¶ä»–治疗å¯èƒ½éœ€è¦è¿›è¡ŒæŒç»è°ƒæ•´ï¼ŒåŽŸå› 包括(a)æŸäº›ä¸Žè‚¥èƒ–相关的并å‘症的改善或完全缓解,例如2åž‹ç³–å°¿ç—…æ‚£è€…èƒ°å²›ç´ éœ€æ±‚çš„å‡å°‘或消失,以åŠé˜»å¡žæ€§ç¡çœ 呼å¸æš‚åœæ‚£è€…夜间CPAP设置的å˜åŒ–;以åŠï¼ˆb)MBSå’ŒEMBT引起的解剖å¦æ”¹å˜å¯èƒ½æ˜¾è‘—改å˜æŸäº›è¯ç‰©çš„å¸æ”¶ã€‚å› æ¤ï¼Œåœ¨è¿›è¡ŒMBS之å‰ï¼Œè‚¥èƒ–管ç†å›¢é˜Ÿéœ€è¦è¯†åˆ«å‡ºå¯èƒ½å—手术影å“çš„è¯ç‰©ã€‚然åŽï¼Œåœ¨MBS术åŽå’Œæ‚£è€…出院å‰ï¼Œå¿…é¡»å‘患者本人和他们的家åºåŒ»å¸ˆéƒ½æ¸…楚地说明术åŽçš„è¯ç‰©å˜åŒ–和监测。æ¤å¤–,å³ä½¿å¹¶å‘症在术åŽä¼¼ä¹Žå¾—到缓解,患者也必须接å—ç»ˆèº«ç›‘æµ‹ï¼Œå› ä¸ºç–¾ç—…å¯èƒ½ä¼šå¤å‘,有时与患者的体é‡å‡è½»è½¨è¿¹æ— 关。
如上所述,对于有åæµç—…å²çš„患者和接å—胃æ—路手术的患者,建议术å‰å’Œæœ¯åŽæ¯äº”年进行一次上消化é“内镜检查。由于肥胖是13ç§ä¸åŒç™Œç—‡çš„å±é™©å› ç´ ï¼ŒMBS患者术åŽä¹Ÿå¿…é¡»æ ¹æ®å›½å®¶æŒ‡å—继ç»è¿›è¡Œç™Œç—‡ç›æŸ¥ã€‚肥胖管ç†å›¢é˜Ÿåº”æ¯å¹´è¿›è¡Œä¸€æ¬¡è¥å…»æ‘„å…¥ã€æ´»åŠ¨æ°´å¹³ã€å¤šç§ç»´ç”Ÿç´ 和矿物质补充剂的ä¾ä»Žæ€§ã€å½“å‰ä½“é‡ä»¥åŠå¹¶å‘症评估和血液检查。
一旦患者接å—了MBS手术,进行手术的ä¸å¿ƒéœ€è¦å‘åˆçº§ä¿å¥æä¾›è€…ä¼ è¾¾ä¸€ä»½å…¨é¢çš„术åŽå¥åº·ç®¡ç†è®¡åˆ’(23),其ä¸å¿…须包括需è¦å“ªäº›æ“作ã€è¡€æ¶²æ£€æŸ¥å’Œé•¿æœŸç»´ç”Ÿç´ 补充剂,任何必须的è¯ç‰©è°ƒæ•´å’Œ/或监测,以åŠä½•æ—¶åº”将患者转诊回MBSä¸å¿ƒã€‚转诊回MBSä¸å¿ƒæˆ–å½“åœ°ä¸“ç§‘åŒ»ç”Ÿçš„åŽŸå› åŒ…æ‹¬æŒç»çš„èƒƒè‚ é“症状ã€è¥å…»é—®é¢˜ã€æ€€å•ã€éœ€è¦å¿ƒç†æ”¯æŒã€æ˜Žæ˜¾çš„体é‡å弹以åŠå…¶ä»–需è¦å‡é‡æŠ¤ç†çš„医疗问题。
关于体é‡å弹,至关é‡è¦çš„是,患者和他们的åˆçº§ä¿å¥æ供者必须ç†è§£ï¼Œä¸€å®šç¨‹åº¦çš„体é‡å弹是æ£å¸¸çš„(140),尤其是在术åŽä¸¤å¹´åŽï¼Œå³ä½¿å‡ºçŽ°æ˜Žæ˜¾çš„体é‡å弹也ç»ä¸èƒ½è¢«è§†ä¸ºæ²»ç–—“失败”ï¼Œå› ä¸ºè¿™æ ·çš„çœ‹æ³•å¯èƒ½å¯¹æ‚£è€…的自我认知ã€ç»§ç»æ²»ç–—的动力ã€è¿›ä¸€æ¥ç›‘测和治疗的ä¾ä»Žæ€§ä»¥åŠæœ€ç»ˆçš„å¥åº·ç»“果产生ä¸åˆ©å½±å“(141, 142)。相å,就åƒåœ¨ç™Œç—‡æ²»ç–—åŽå‡ºçŽ°ç–¾ç—…å¤å‘çš„æ‚£è€…ä¸€æ ·ï¼ŒMBS术åŽå‡ºçŽ°æ˜Žæ˜¾ä½“é‡å弹的患者需è¦è¿›è¡Œå……分的评估,包括解剖å¦æ£€æŸ¥ï¼ˆä¾‹å¦‚上消化é“内镜检查ã€ä¸Šæ¶ˆåŒ–é“é’¡é¤é€ 影),并由多å¦ç§‘团队进行评估(143, 144)。
最åŽï¼Œä½“é‡å弹并ä¸æ˜¯MBS术åŽå”¯ä¸€å€¼å¾—ç ”ç©¶çš„ä¸´åºŠé—®é¢˜ã€‚ä¾‹å¦‚ï¼Œåœ¨MBS术åŽå‡ºçŽ°GERDç—‡çŠ¶çš„æ‚£è€…ï¼Œæ— è®ºMBS术åŽæ˜¯å¦æœ‰ä½“é‡å弹,也需è¦è¿›è¡Œå®¢è§‚评估以确定或排除GERD,包括有或没有测压的pH监测(145)。
肥胖被称为世界上最广泛的æµè¡Œç—…,其患病率ã€åˆ†å¸ƒå’ŒåŒ»ç–—æˆæœ¬éƒ½åœ¨ä¸æ–上å‡ã€‚为了é制肥胖åŠå…¶ä¼—多并å‘症和æˆæœ¬ä¸æ–上å‡çš„趋势,医务工作者ã€ä¿é™©å…¬å¸å’Œæ”¿åºœå®˜å‘˜çŽ°åœ¨å¿…须共åŒåŠªåŠ›ï¼Œä»¥æ高公众对肥胖相关ä¸è‰¯å¥åº·é£Žé™©ä»¥åŠå¯¹éžæ‰‹æœ¯å’Œæ‰‹æœ¯æ²»ç–—相结åˆå¯ä»¥å‡è½»è¿™äº›é£Žé™©çš„è®¤è¯†ã€‚ä»–ä»¬è¿˜å¿…é¡»åŠªåŠ›æ¶ˆé™¤ä¸Žè‚¥èƒ–ç›¸å…³çš„è€»è¾±æ„Ÿï¼Œå› ä¸ºè¿™ç§è€»è¾±æ„Ÿå¯èƒ½å¦¨ç¢ä¸ªä½“寻求适当的治疗,并阻æ¢å…¶åœ¨å¯»æ±‚到治疗åŽç»§ç»åšæŒä¸‹åŽ»ã€‚这需è¦æ¯ä¸ªäººéƒ½è®¤è¯†åˆ°è‚¥èƒ–是一ç§æ…¢æ€§ç–¾ç—…,并采用多å¦ç§‘团队的方法,就åƒæ²»ç–—其他慢性疾病(如糖尿病ã€å¿ƒè„ç—…å’Œç™Œç—‡ï¼‰ä¸€æ ·æ¥æ²»ç–—。åªæœ‰é€šè¿‡è¿™æ ·çš„å…±åŒåŠªåŠ›ï¼Œæ‰èƒ½æ‰è½¬ä¸æ–æ¶åŒ–的肥胖æµè¡Œè¶‹åŠ¿ã€‚
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å¾·å°”è²è°ƒæŸ¥çš„方法和结果
Lilian Kow, Reem Z Sharaiha, Mary O’Kane, Kevin P. White, Guilherme Macedo, Jim Toouli, Scott Shikora
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ç›®å‰å…¨çƒçº¦æœ‰15亿人患有肥胖症,这个数å—还在稳æ¥ä¸Šå‡[2-4],甚至包括儿童和é’å°‘å¹´[5]。除了对å¥åº·å’Œä½“能本身的影å“å¤–ï¼Œè‚¥èƒ–è¿˜å¢žåŠ äº†è®¸å¤šå…¶ä»–æ½œåœ¨å±åŠç”Ÿå‘½çš„并å‘症的风险,如2型糖尿病(T2DM)[6]ã€å¿ƒè¡€ç®¡ç–¾ç—…[7]以åŠè‡³å°‘13ç§ç™Œç—‡ï¼ŒåŒ…括乳腺癌ã€ç»“ç›´è‚ ç™Œå’Œåµå·¢ç™Œç‰[8, 9]。超é‡è¿˜æ˜¾è‘—é™ä½Žç”Ÿæ´»è´¨é‡[2]ã€æ˜¾è‘—å¢žåŠ æ—©æœŸæ»äº¡é£Žé™©ã€ç¼©çŸé¢„期寿命[10]å’Œå¢žåŠ ç™Œç—‡ç›¸å…³æ»äº¡çŽ‡[11]。这些风险甚至延伸到儿童肥胖[12]。
管ç†è‚¥èƒ–是困难的,“å°‘åƒå¤šè¿åŠ¨”很少能够å–得长期的æˆåŠŸã€‚å› æ¤ï¼Œé‰´äºŽä¼—多与肥胖相关的并å‘症,肥胖被称为“慢性å¤å‘性进行性疾病”[13]。虽然饮食改å˜ã€è¿åŠ¨ç‰å…¶ä»–生活方å¼çš„改å˜å’Œå’¨è¯¢ä»ç„¶æ˜¯æ²»ç–—的首选方法,近年æ¥è‚¥èƒ–管ç†åœ¨åŒ…括è¯ç‰©æ²»ç–—ã€å†…镜治疗和外科手术干预方é¢å–得了一些相对较新的进展。在å‡é‡ã€å‡å°‘并å‘症和改善生活质é‡æ–¹é¢ï¼Œå‡é‡æ‰‹æœ¯æ˜Žæ˜¾è¾ƒå•çº¯é¥®é£Ÿå’Œç”Ÿæ´»æ–¹å¼æ”¹å˜æ›´æœ‰æ•ˆ[14-17]。
ç›®å‰å˜åœ¨å‡ ç§æ‰‹æœ¯å¹²é¢„方法。选择哪ç§æ‰‹æœ¯ä»¥åŠä½•æ—¶è¿›è¡Œæ‰‹æœ¯å¾€å¾€å› 实践和地区而异[18]。å‡é‡æ‰‹æœ¯ä¹Ÿæœ‰å…¶è‡ªèº«çš„风险,包括很低但ä¸å¯å¿½è§†çš„术ä¸æ»äº¡é£Žé™©ï¼ˆ0.15-0.35%)[19, 20]。å‡é‡æ‰‹æœ¯å…¶ä»–的并å‘症包括潜在致命的è¥å…»ç¼ºä¹[21-24]ã€æœ¯åŽå‡ºè¡€ã€è‚ 梗阻ã€ä¸¥é‡çš„胃食管åæµå’Œå„ç§èƒƒè‚ 综åˆå¾[19]。接å—å‡é‡æ‰‹æœ¯çš„患者还å¯èƒ½å®¹æ˜“产生新的术åŽæˆç˜¾è¡Œä¸ºï¼Œå¦‚è¯ç‰©æ»¥ç”¨[25]ã€‚å› æ¤ï¼Œå‡é‡æ‰‹æœ¯ä¸åº”å–代,而应作为其他éžæ‰‹æœ¯æ–¹æ³•ç®¡ç†è‚¥èƒ–的补充,包括饮食和生活方å¼æ”¹å˜ã€‚利用社会心ç†å’¨è¯¢å’Œè¯ç‰©æ¥è¯†åˆ«å’Œæ²»ç–—精神疾病也很é‡è¦[25]。然而,与选择手术方å¼ä¸€æ ·ï¼Œåœ¨å¦‚何以åŠå¤šå¤§ç¨‹åº¦ä¸Šå…±åŒç®¡ç†è¿™äº›æœåŠ¡ä¹Ÿå˜åœ¨ç›¸å½“大的差异[26]。哪些患者符åˆå†…镜和å‡é‡æ‰‹æœ¯çš„æ¡ä»¶å’Œå®‰å…¨æ€§[27]ã€å¦‚何定义治疗æˆåŠŸå’Œå¤±è´¥[16, 28]ã€ä½“é‡å弹多少应被视为å¯æŽ¥å—çš„[29]以åŠä½¿ç”¨å“ªç§æŒ‡æ ‡æ¥è¡¡é‡ä½“é‡åå¼¹ï¼ˆä¾‹å¦‚ï¼Œå¤šä½™ä½“é‡ vs. 总体é‡ä¸‹é™ï¼‰[30]也å˜åœ¨å·®å¼‚。
æ£æ˜¯ç”±äºŽè‚¥èƒ–管ç†å®žè·µä¸å˜åœ¨å¦‚æ¤å¤šçš„差异性和ä¸ç¡®å®šæ€§ï¼Œä¸–ç•Œèƒƒè‚ ç—…å¦ç»„织(WGO)和国际肥胖与代谢疾病外科è”åˆä¼šï¼ˆIFSO)于2020年底è”åˆè¡ŒåŠ¨ï¼Œé‡‡å–措施起è‰å…³äºŽè‚¥èƒ–评估ã€æ²»ç–—和长期监测的国际指å—。这包括对肥胖管ç†é¢†åŸŸçš„国际跨å¦ç§‘专家进行调查,以确定跨越一系列议题的共识和éžå…±è¯†é¢†åŸŸï¼Œå…¶ç»“æžœå¯ç”¨äºŽå助起è‰è”åˆIFSO:WGO肥胖管ç†æŒ‡å—。本文报告了对涵盖å…大洲的94åè·¨å¦ç§‘肥胖管ç†ä¸“家进行的多轮调查的结果。
æ ¹æ®å·²å‘表的德尔è²è°ƒæŸ¥æŒ‡å—,决定进行两轮在线修æ£çš„å¾·å°”è²è°ƒæŸ¥[31]。采用德尔è²æ–¹æ³•æ˜¯å› 为它在å¥åº·ç§‘å¦å’Œå…¶ä»–领域ä¸çš„使用率呈指数增长,以确定专家共识和éžå…±è¯†çš„领域。德尔è²è°ƒæŸ¥çš„主è¦ä¼˜åŠ¿ä¹‹ä¸€æ˜¯å…¶å…¨ä½“æ— å¼‚è®®æŠ•ç¥¨ï¼Œè¿™å‡å°‘了与é¢å¯¹é¢å…±è¯†ä¼šè®®ç›¸å…³çš„顺从/默许å移的风险[31]。
调查开始时,è¦æ±‚æ¯ä¸ªæŒ‡å¯¼å§”员会æˆå‘˜åˆ—出主è¦æ„Ÿå…´è¶£çš„问题,特别是在他们自己的å¦ç§‘范围内。考虑问题è¦è¢«çº³å…¥è°ƒæŸ¥ï¼Œå…¶ä¸èƒ½æ˜¯å·²ç»è¢«è®¤å®šä¸ºæœ‰å›ºå®šè®¤è¯†çš„ã€åŸºäºŽå·²å‘表的ç»éªŒè¯æ®æœ‰æ™®éæ²»ç–—æ ‡å‡†çš„é—®é¢˜ï¼Œä½†ä»ç„¶éœ€è¦æ˜¯è¢«è®¤ä¸ºå¯¹è¶…é‡æˆ–肥胖的管ç†å…·æœ‰æ˜¾è‘—é‡è¦æ€§çš„问题。这些问题å¯ä»¥æ¶‰åŠè‚¥èƒ–管ç†çš„任何方é¢ï¼Œä»Žæµè¡Œç—…å¦å’Œå…¬ä¼—观念到治疗和éšè®¿ã€‚
创建的列表被å‘é€ç»™å¾·å°”è²è°ƒæŸ¥ä¸“家进行编辑,åˆå¹¶ä¸ºå•ä¸ªè°ƒæŸ¥ï¼Œå¹¶é‡æ–°æ ¼å¼åŒ–以确ä¿è¡¨è¾¾çš„å¯ç†è§£æ€§å’Œä¸€è‡´æ€§ã€‚è°ƒæŸ¥è¿‡ç¨‹åŒ…æ‹¬å‡ ä¸ªæ¥éª¤ä»¥å‡å°‘调查本身å¯èƒ½é€ æˆçš„å移风险,包括(a)主è¦ä½¿ç”¨éžåˆ¤æ–性陈述(例如,既ä¸èµžæˆä¹Ÿä¸å对特定的概念/信念/方法);(b)平衡剩余的赞æˆå’Œä¸èµžæˆé™ˆè¿°çš„æ•°é‡;(c)调整回ç”选项的顺åºï¼Œä»¥å°½é‡å‡å°‘顺åºå移的风险(例如,将最赞æˆçš„回ç”选项在第一到最åŽçš„ä»»æ„ä½ç½®åˆ—出);(d)对10å专家进行测试调查,以确定问题和任何è¯è¨€ã€äº‹å®žæˆ–概念上的错误。
在测试调查之å‰ï¼Œè°ƒæŸ¥çš„第一份完整è‰ç¨¿è¢«å‘é€ç»™æ‰€æœ‰æŒ‡å¯¼å§”员会æˆå‘˜ï¼Œä»¥å¾æ±‚å馈æ„è§å’Œå¯èƒ½éœ€è¦çš„修改。之åŽï¼Œå§”员会审查测试调查的结果和评论。测试调查的结果没有包括在确定共识的数æ®åˆ†æžä¸ã€‚
最终的第一轮调查由157æ¡é™ˆè¿°ç»„æˆï¼Œåˆ†ä¸ºå…个模å—:模å—1-æµè¡Œç—…å¦å’Œå±é™©å› ç´ ï¼ˆ20æ¡é™ˆè¿°ï¼‰ï¼›æ¨¡å—2-代谢和å‡é‡æ‰‹æœ¯ï¼ˆMBS)的患者选择(29æ¡é™ˆè¿°ï¼‰ï¼›æ¨¡å—3-心ç†é—®é¢˜ï¼ˆ14æ¡é™ˆè¿°ï¼‰ï¼›æ¨¡å—4-代谢和å‡é‡æ‰‹æœ¯çš„患者准备(23æ¡é™ˆè¿°ï¼‰ï¼›æ¨¡å—5-å‡é‡å†…镜治疗(39æ¡é™ˆè¿°ï¼Œä»…由外科医生和内镜医生投票);以åŠæ¨¡å—6-结局和éšè®¿ï¼ˆ32æ¡é™ˆè¿°ï¼‰ã€‚未能达到至少70%共识的陈述被纳入第二轮调查。在æ¯ä¸ªæ¨¡å—的开始和结æŸæ—¶ï¼Œè¦æ±‚æ¯ä½ä¸“家评估他们对该模å—焦点领域投票感觉的舒适度,从éžå¸¸ä¸èˆ’适到éžå¸¸èˆ’é€‚è¿›è¡Œè¯„çº§ã€‚è¿™æ ·åšæ˜¯ä¸ºäº†é˜²æ¢æŠ•ç¥¨è€…对他们感到ä¸èˆ’适的陈述进行投票,并且å¯ä»¥åœ¨æ•°æ®åˆ†æžè¿‡ç¨‹ä¸æŽ’除ä¸èˆ’适投票者的投票。请注æ„,指导委员会决定将对任何特定陈述的共识定义为对最常选的回ç”选项的åŒæ„率≥70%,并è¦æ±‚对任何陈述的最终投票总数至少有80%的投票å‚与率(≥80%çš„åˆæ ¼æŠ•ç¥¨è€…)æ‰è¢«è§†ä¸ºæœ‰æ•ˆã€‚
专家å°ç»„由跨洲和跨å¦ç§‘的,具有国际公认的专业知识和丰富的肥胖管ç†ç»éªŒçš„从业人员组æˆã€‚2021å¹´6月,100å之å‰åŒæ„å‚与调查的专家收到电å邮件,附有上述委员会批准的第一轮调查的在线平å°Survey Monkey链接。这些专家é布éžæ´²ã€äºšæ´²ã€æ¬§æ´²ã€æ‹‰ä¸ç¾Žæ´²ã€ä¸ä¸œã€åŒ—美和大洋洲,以åŠå‡é‡å†…é•œã€å‡é‡å¤–科ã€æ™®å†…科ã€è‚ç—…å¦ã€å¿ƒç†å¦å’Œè¥å…»å¦ç‰é¢†åŸŸã€‚在å—邀完æˆè°ƒæŸ¥çš„100ä½ä¸“家ä¸ï¼Œæœ‰94ä½åœ¨ç¬¬ä¸€è½®åˆ†é…çš„30天时间内完æˆäº†è°ƒæŸ¥ï¼Œå¹¶è¢«çº³å…¥å…±è¯†åˆ†æžã€‚表1A总结了这94ä½ä¸“家的执业特å¾ï¼Œè¡¨1-B总结了37ä½å‡é‡å¤–科医生和55ä½æœ‰å‡é‡å†…镜治疗ç»éªŒçš„专家的执业特å¾ã€‚
在对所有专家开放的五个模å—ä¸ï¼Œ94ä½ä¸“家的投票人数为80至94人(85%-100%);而对于仅é™å‡é‡å¤–科医生和内镜医生的模å—5,58ä½ä¸“家的投票人数为54至58人(94.7%-100%ï¼‰ã€‚å› æ¤ï¼Œç¬¬ä¸€è½®è°ƒæŸ¥çš„6大模å—的任何一æ¡é™ˆè¿°å‡è¾¾åˆ°æœ€ä½Žçš„80%投票率,以被视为有效投票。
在分æžäº†ç¬¬ä¸€è½®çš„结果åŽï¼Œæœ‰23æ¡é™ˆè¿°ï¼ˆæ¨¡å—2-B部分,关于“术å‰æ‚£è€…å› ç´ çš„ç›¸å¯¹é‡è¦æ€§”ï¼‰è¢«æ·»åŠ åˆ°ç¬¬äºŒè½®è°ƒæŸ¥ä¸ã€‚å› æ¤ï¼Œæœ€ç»ˆåˆ†æžæ¶‰åŠ180æ¡ï¼ˆ157+23)陈述。
最终分æžåŒ…括的180æ¡é™ˆè¿°ä¸ï¼Œåªæœ‰17æ¡ï¼ˆ9.4%)被咨询å°ç»„认为是赞æˆæŸäº›ç‰¹å®šçš„概念/ä¿¡ä»°/方法,19æ¡ï¼ˆ10.6%)为ä¸èµžæˆï¼Œ144æ¡ï¼ˆ80.0%)为éžæ‰¹åˆ¤æ€§çš„(表2)。在这180æ¡é™ˆè¿°ä¸ï¼Œ134æ¡ï¼ˆ74.4%)具有åŒæ„/ä¸åŒæ„的二元回ç”选项,而46æ¡ï¼ˆ75.6%)具有其他或超过两个的回ç”选项(例如,更多/æ›´å°‘/å·®ä¸å¤šï¼‰ã€‚å¯¹äºŽç¬¬äºŒè½®æ·»åŠ çš„23æ¡é™ˆè¿°ä¸æœªèƒ½è¾¾æˆå…±è¯†çš„8æ¡é™ˆè¿°ï¼Œè¿›è¡Œäº†ç®€åŒ–的第三轮投票,从而使得对所有在第一轮投票ä¸æœªèƒ½è¾¾æˆå…±è¯†çš„陈述进行两轮投票。
在158æ¡é™ˆè¿°ï¼ˆ87.8%)ä¸ï¼Œè‡³å°‘有70%è¾¾æˆå…±è¯†——第一轮114æ¡ï¼Œç¬¬äºŒè½®44æ¡ã€‚然而,åªæœ‰12æ¡é™ˆè¿°ï¼ˆå 所有陈述的6.7%,å è¾¾æˆå…±è¯†çš„陈述的7.6%)达到了100%的共识率,而最常è§çš„共识率结果为80%至89.9%(分别为37.8%å’Œ43.0%)。æ¯ä¸ªæ¨¡å—çš„å¹³å‡å…±è¯†çŽ‡æ€»ä½“上为83.6%,从å‡é‡å†…镜的78.0%到结局和éšè®¿çš„87.9%(表2)。
6大模å—的结果在表3至表9ä¸å•ç‹¬æ€»ç»“,其ä¸æ¨¡å—2-关于MBS患者选择的部分被细分为A部分(表4)和B部分(表5ï¼ŒåŒ…æ‹¬æ ¹æ®ç¬¬ä¸€è½®å¼€æ”¾æ€§é—®é¢˜çš„回ç”æ·»åŠ åˆ°ç¬¬äºŒè½®çš„23æ¡é™ˆè¿°ï¼‰ã€‚这七个结果表é€ä¸ªåˆ—出了æ¯æ¡é™ˆè¿°ï¼Œå¹¶ä»¥ä»Žå·¦åˆ°å³çš„顺åºè¿žç»åˆ—æ˜Žï¼šåœ¨å†³å®šæ€§è½®æ¬¡ï¼ˆæ— è®ºæ˜¯ç¬¬ä¸€è½®è¿˜æ˜¯ç¬¬äºŒè½®ï¼‰ä¸å¯¹å…¶è¿›è¡ŒæŠ•ç¥¨çš„专家人数;所需的轮次数;投票专家选择的最大比例的回ç”选项(例如,åŒæ„/ä¸åŒæ„);最终达æˆçš„共识百分比;以åŠæ˜¯å¦è¾¾åˆ°äº†≥70%的共识率。在这些表ä¸ï¼Œæ ¹æ®è¾¾åˆ°çš„最终共识水平,按é™åºåˆ—出陈述,未能达到70%å…±è¯†çš„é™ˆè¿°è¢«é˜´å½±æ ‡è®°ä»¥ä¾¿è¯†åˆ«ã€‚
在æµè¡Œç—…å¦å’Œå±é™©å› ç´ æ–¹é¢ï¼Œä¸“家达æˆäº†ä¸€è‡´çš„共识,å³æ‰€æœ‰åŒ»å¦å会都需è¦ç³»ç»Ÿåœ°åº”对肥胖问题,并且有必è¦è¿›è¡Œå®šæœŸçš„国家和地区纵å‘监测。达到强烈的共识包括:(a)将肥胖定义为一ç§å¢žåŠ å‘病率和æ»äº¡é£Žé™©çš„慢性疾病;(b)情绪化进食是一ç§å¸¸è§ç‰¹å¾ï¼Œä½†(c)暴饮暴食在肥胖人群ä¸å¹¶ä¸æ™®éï¼›(d)ç§æ—和地ç†å› ç´ åœ¨ç—…ç†ç”Ÿç†å¦æ–¹é¢å’Œè€ƒè™‘干预措施时都很é‡è¦ã€‚专家们一致认为食物æˆç˜¾æ˜¯ä¸€ç§åˆç†çš„临床状æ€ï¼Œåœ¨æŽ¥å—MBS的患者ä¸è¾ƒä¸ºå¸¸è§ï¼Œå°¤å…¶æ˜¯é‚£äº›æœ‰é…—é…’å’Œ/或è¯ç‰©æ»¥ç”¨é—®é¢˜çš„患者ä¸ã€‚关于食物æˆç˜¾æ˜¯å¦ä¼šå½±å“ç»å¤§å¤šæ•°è€ƒè™‘MBS的患者,专家们的æ„è§å¤§è‡´å„å 一åŠã€‚他们一致认åŒæš´é¥®æš´é£Ÿæ˜¯MBSåŽä½“é‡å弹的å±é™©å› ç´ ï¼Œä½†ä¸è®¤åŒå®ƒæ˜¯è‡ªæ€æ„念/ä¼å›¾çš„å±é™©å› ç´ ã€‚å…³äºŽæµè¡Œç—…å¦å’Œå±é™©å› ç´ çš„è¿›ä¸€æ¥ç»“果总结在表3ä¸ã€‚
关于患者选择(表4),以下达æˆäº†100%共识:(a)å…¨çƒå„¿ç«¥å’Œé’少年肥胖率æ£åœ¨ä¸Šå‡ï¼›(b)儿童或é’少年时期的肥胖预示ç€æˆå¹´æœŸçš„肥胖;(c)年轻人严é‡è‚¥èƒ–预示ç€ä¸Žè‚¥èƒ–相关的严é‡å¹¶å‘症,如糖尿病和高血压;(d)对于给é’少年进行MBS,需è¦ä¸€ä¸ªå…·å¤‡å¤„ç†é’å°‘å¹´åŠå…¶å®¶åºå…³ç³»ç»éªŒçš„多å¦ç§‘团队;(e)公众和医生对é’å°‘å¹´MBS的知识ä¸è¶³å’Œç¼ºä¹MBS在年轻人ä¸çš„长期治疗效果,是é’少年进行MBSçš„éšœç¢ã€‚ä¸“å®¶å‡ ä¹Žä¸€è‡´åŒæ„(98.9%)需è¦å¯¹æŽ¥å—MBSçš„é’少年进行终身监测,并且应该由ç»éªŒä¸°å¯Œã€åœ¨æˆå¹´æ‰‹æœ¯ä¸å–å¾—æˆåŠŸè®°å½•çš„å‡é‡å¤–科医生进行é’å°‘å¹´çš„MBS(95.6%)。专家们还一致认为已ç»å‘表了足够的ç»éªŒæ€§è¯æ®æ”¯æŒMBS是治疗é’少年严é‡è‚¥èƒ–最有效的方法,并且é’å°‘å¹´çš„MBS结局(阳性和阴性的)与æˆäººç›¸ä¼¼ã€‚æ¤å¤–,æŸäº›MBS术å¼ï¼Œå¦‚胆胰分æµæœ¯ï¼ˆBD)和å•å»åˆå£èƒƒæ—路术(OAGB),ä¸åº”推èç»™é’少年。
对于è€å¹´è‚¥èƒ–患者,专家å†æ¬¡è¾¾æˆäº†å…±è¯†ï¼Œå³MBS通常是有效和安全的,并且å¯ä»¥æ高生活质é‡ï¼Œè€Œå¹´é¾„ä¸åº”该是决定是å¦è¿›è¡Œæ‰‹æœ¯çš„å”¯ä¸€è€ƒè™‘å› ç´ ã€‚ç›¸å,专家一致认为手术时间å¯ç›´æŽ¥é¢„测è€å¹´æ‚£è€…çš„è´Ÿé¢ç»“局,且è€å¹´æ‚£è€…MBS的风险大于é’少年患者。关于手术候选人何时被视为è€å¹´æ‚£è€…ã€è€å¹´æ‚£è€…Roux-en-Y胃æ—路手术(RYGB)和腹腔镜袖状胃切除术(LSG)的术åŽç»“局与é’少年术åŽç»“局的比较,或è€å¹´æ‚£è€…MBS术å¼çš„é‡‘æ ‡å‡†ç‰é—®é¢˜ï¼Œæ²¡æœ‰è¾¾æˆå…±è¯†ã€‚表5æ ¹æ®ç›¸å¯¹é‡è¦æ€§å¯¹23个术å‰å› ç´ è¿›è¡Œäº†æŽ’å,除了ç»æµŽèƒ½åŠ›å’Œç”²çŠ¶è…ºç–¾ç—…外,≥70%çš„ä¸“å®¶è®¤ä¸ºå…¶ä»–çš„å› ç´ éƒ½éžå¸¸é‡è¦ã€‚患者的一般å¥åº·çŠ¶å†µå’Œä½“能水平,以åŠåˆå¹¶ç—‡çš„å˜åœ¨å’Œ/或其性质是被最多专家选择为éžå¸¸é‡è¦çš„ä¸¤å¤§å› ç´ ï¼ˆåˆ†åˆ«ä¸º98.7%å’Œ97.5%)。
在心ç†é—®é¢˜æ–¹é¢ï¼Œä¸“家一致共识认为接å—MBS的患者并ä¸æ€»æ˜¯ä¼šå‡ºçŽ°é…—酒问题,术åŽæŠ‘éƒç—‡çŠ¶åŠ é‡ä¹Ÿä¸æ˜¯æ™®éå˜åœ¨ã€‚专家也ä¸åŒæ„MBS术å‰è®¤çŸ¥æ€§æŠ‘éƒç—‡çŠ¶çš„患者通常ä¸ä¼šåœ¨æœ¯åŽæ”¹å–„这一观点,与之相å那些有明显术åŽä½“é‡å‡è½»çš„患者通常在MBSåŽæ”¹å–„抑éƒç—‡çŠ¶ã€‚尽管如æ¤ï¼Œä¹Ÿæœ‰å…±è¯†è®¤ä¸ºè‡ªæ€åœ¨æŽ¥å—MBS的患者ä¸æ›´ä¸ºå¸¸è§ã€‚术å‰è¿›è¡Œå…¨é¢çš„心ç†è¯„估是必è¦çš„这点获得了强烈的共识(93.6%),并且å³ä½¿æ‚£æœ‰ä¸¥é‡çš„精神疾病(如精神分裂症或åŒç›¸æƒ…æ„Ÿéšœç¢ï¼‰ï¼Œåªè¦æ‚£è€…的精神疾病控制良好,就å¯ä»¥è¿›è¡ŒMBS。专家们还一致认为,与没有食物æˆç˜¾çš„患者相比,食物æˆç˜¾çš„患者更有å¯èƒ½æ‚£æœ‰å…¶ä»–精神疾病(如抑éƒç—‡å’Œç„¦è™‘症),并且认知行为疗法是暴饮暴食高å±æ‚£è€…的最佳治疗ç–略。关于心ç†é—®é¢˜çš„进一æ¥ç»“果总结在表6ä¸ã€‚
关于MBS术å‰çš„一般å¥åº·å‡†å¤‡æ¥éª¤ï¼Œä¸“家一致达æˆå…±è¯†è®¤ä¸ºï¼Œä»…在具有高风险的患者ä¸æ‰éœ€è¦è¿›è¡Œå…¨é¢çš„医å¦å’Œè¥å…»è¯„ä¼°ã€è¯†åˆ«å’Œçº æ£æ‰€æœ‰è¥å…»ä¸è¶³ã€æˆ’烟ã€æœ¯å‰å†…镜检查以åŠç¡çœ 呼å¸æš‚åœç›‘测。专家们ä¸è®¤åŒMBSå‰éœ€è¦è¿›è¡Œå¸¸è§„CT或ç£å…±æŒ¯æ£€æŸ¥ç›æŸ¥è‚细胞癌,也ä¸è®¤åŒæ‰€æœ‰çš„é™ç³–è¯åœ¨éžé…’精性脂肪è‚(NAFLD)患者ä¸å‡èƒ½é™ä½Žè‚癌风险。表7总结了关于MBS术å‰é‡‡å–一般å¥åº·å’ŒæŠ—COVID-19措施的进一æ¥ç»“果。
58ä½æœ‰æŠ¥å‘Šè¿›è¡Œè¿‡å†…镜代谢和å‡é‡æ²»ç–—(EMBT)的专家对下é¢å‡ ç‚¹å‡ ä¹Žè¾¾æˆäº†ä¸€è‡´å…±è¯†ï¼š(a)这些方法在管ç†è‚¥èƒ–æ–¹é¢å…·æœ‰ç‹¬ç‰¹è€Œé‡è¦çš„作用;(b)从业者需è¦æŽ¥å—充分的内镜å‡é‡åŸ¹è®ï¼›(c)å‡é‡å¤–科ä¸å¿ƒåº”å‘患者åŠå…¶åˆçº§ä¿å¥æä¾›è€…ä¼ è¾¾å…¨é¢çš„护ç†è®¡åˆ’,包括检查ã€è¡¥å……以åŠä½•æ—¶é‡æ–°è¯„估。表8还总结了关于抽å¸ç–—法ã€åäºŒæŒ‡è‚ æ‰‹æœ¯ã€å†…镜胃æ—路术ã€èƒƒæŠ˜å 术和ç¼åˆæœ¯ä»¥åŠèƒƒå†…çƒå›Šç½®å…¥ï¼ˆIGB)的共识æ„è§ã€‚å…¶ä¸ï¼Œå¯¹äºŽIGB的支æŒæœ€å¤šï¼Œå¯¹äºŽæŠ½å¸ç–—法和åäºŒæŒ‡è‚ æ—路的支æŒæœ€å°‘,对于涉åŠæ—è·¯ã€æŠ˜å 或ç¼åˆçš„胃部手术的支æŒï¼Œæ ¹æ®å…·ä½“情况居ä¸ã€‚ç›®å‰ä»…有涉åŠèƒƒå†…çƒå›Šçš„方法已有å‘表的ç»éªŒæ€§è¯æ®è¢«è®¤ä¸ºè¶³å¤Ÿæ”¯æŒè¿™ç§æ–¹æ³•æ•ˆæžœç¡®åˆ‡ã€‚胃内çƒå›Šç½®å…¥ä¹Ÿæ˜¯å”¯ä¸€è¢«è®¤ä¸ºå¯æŽ¥å—的以帮助病人“看起æ¥æ›´å¥½”为唯一目的措施,也是被认为å¯ä»¥æŽ¥å—çš„“æ¡¥æ¢ç–—法”,用于计划åŽç»è¿›è¡ŒMBS的患者。
关于术åŽéšè®¿å’Œç»“局,专家们一致认为,在MBS术åŽ2-10年内一定程度的体é‡å¢žåŠ 是æ£å¸¸çš„,但明显的术åŽä½“é‡å¢žåŠ å¯èƒ½éœ€è¦è¿›ä¸€æ¥çš„用è¯ã€å†…镜或外科治疗。专家们也一致认为,MBS术åŽéšè®¿åº”该是终身的,并且MBSä¸å¿ƒåº”与患者的åˆçº§ä¿å¥æ供者共åŒåˆä½œï¼Œæ ¹æ®ä¸´åºŠéœ€è¦æä¾›éšè®¿å’Œé€‚当的医疗ä¿å¥ä¸“ä¸šäººå‘˜ã€‚ä¸“å®¶å‡ ä¹Žä¸€è‡´è®¤åŒï¼ˆ98.7%),在MBS术åŽä¸¤å¹´ï¼Œå¯¹äºŽä»æœ‰ä¸¥é‡è‚¥èƒ–和与肥胖相关问题的患者å¯èƒ½éœ€è¦è¿›ä¸€æ¥æ²»ç–—,并且对于在术åŽæ˜Žæ˜¾ä½“é‡å弹的患者需è¦è¿›è¡Œå…¨é¢çš„多å¦ç§‘评估。术åŽå‡é‡ç¨‹åº¦ä¸æ»¡æ„也被认为是补充è¯ç‰©æ²»ç–—ï¼ˆä¾‹å¦‚ï¼Œèƒ°é«˜è¡€ç³–ç´ æ ·è‚½-1å—体激动剂)的指å¾ã€‚然而,分别有93.3%å’Œ80.9%的专家认为,对于“体é‡æ˜Žæ˜¾åå¼¹”或“手术æˆåŠŸ”,并没有统一认å¯çš„定义。
至于éšè®¿æ–¹é¢ï¼Œ98.9%的专家认为è¥å…»å’¨è¯¢æ˜¯å†…镜治疗åŽçš„é‡è¦ç»„æˆéƒ¨åˆ†ï¼Œè€Œè¯„估骨骼å¥åº·å’ŒæŽ’除胃食管功能障ç¢åœ¨éª¨è´¨ç–æ¾ç—‡å’Œèƒƒé£Ÿç®¡åæµç—…的高å±æ‚£è€…ä¸è¢«è®¤ä¸ºæ˜¯é‡è¦çš„[32]。关于MBS在社会层é¢çš„ç›Šå¤„çš„å‡ é¡¹å£°æ˜Žä¹Ÿè¾¾æˆäº†å…±è¯†ã€‚关于结局和éšè®¿çš„进一æ¥ç»“果总结在表9ä¸ã€‚
过去åå¹´æ¥ï¼Œç”±äºŽå¯¹è‚¥èƒ–è¿™ç§æ…¢æ€§ç–¾ç—…的更好ç†è§£ï¼Œè‚¥èƒ–人群的临床管ç†å–得了巨大进展。这些进展包括人们更普é地接å—肥胖是一ç§ç–¾ç—…。尽管如æ¤ï¼Œè‚¥èƒ–的患病率在全çƒå’Œå„个年龄组ä¸ä»ä¸æ–上å‡[2-4]。æ¤å¤–,寻求任何形å¼æ¥æœ‰æ•ˆæ²»ç–—肥胖的患者的百分比ä»ç„¶éžå¸¸ä½Žã€‚甚至在目å‰çš„专家å°ç»„之外,人们也普é认为,迫切需è¦æ”¹å˜å½“今世界的肥胖趋势,并寻找预防和治疗肥胖的个体化方法。在我们的专家å°ç»„ä¸ï¼Œæœ‰ä¸¤ä¸ªé€‰é¡¹å¾—到了所有94åæˆå‘˜çš„一致共识,认为å¯èƒ½å®žçŽ°è¿™ä¸¤ä¸ªç›®æ ‡ï¼šç¬¬ä¸€ï¼Œæ‰€æœ‰åŒ»å¦å会åˆä½œï¼Œç³»ç»Ÿåœ°è§£å†³è‚¥èƒ–问题;第二,在地区和国家层é¢å®šæœŸè¿›è¡Œçºµå‘监测。已ç»æœ‰ä¸¤ä¸ªè·¨å›½è‚¥èƒ–监测项目产生了有用的数æ®ï¼Œåˆ†åˆ«æ˜¯æ–¯å ªçš„纳维亚肥胖登记处(SOReg)[33]和德国å‡é‡å¤–科登记处[34],åŽè€…å·²å˜åœ¨è¶…过60年。这些数æ®å·²ç»å‘表了一些é‡è¦çš„ç ”ç©¶ç»“æžœï¼Œå¦‚MBS术åŽçš„çŸæœŸå’Œé•¿æœŸç»“局,术åŽ90天的æ»äº¡çŽ‡ä»…为0.06%ï¼ˆæ ¹æ®ä¸€é¡¹é•¿è¾¾10å¹´çš„è§‚å¯Ÿç ”ç©¶ï¼‰ï¼Œä»¥åŠæœ‰å…³æœ¯åŽå³åˆ»å’Œé•¿æœŸå¹¶å‘ç—‡ã€ä½“é‡å‡è½»ã€å¹¶å‘症管ç†ã€æ‚£è€…年龄对结局的影å“以åŠä¸åŒMBS术å¼çš„比较[33-41]。尽管这些数æ®éžå¸¸æœ‰ä»·å€¼ï¼Œä½†åªæœ‰æžå°æ¯”例的肥胖个体接å—了å‡é‡æ‰‹æœ¯ï¼Œå‰©ä¸‹çš„ç»å¤§å¤šæ•°äººä»æœ‰å¿…è¦è¿›è¡Œæ›´å¯†åˆ‡çš„监测。也许更现实的åšæ³•æ˜¯ï¼Œå¼€å±•åŒ»ç”Ÿå’Œå…¬ä¼—肥胖教育活动,以æ高人们对肥胖相关å¥åº·å±å®³ï¼ˆä¾‹å¦‚,罹患多ç§ç™Œç—‡çš„é£Žé™©å¢žåŠ ï¼‰å’ŒæŽ¥æ”¶å…¨é¢ã€å¤šå¦ç§‘治疗必è¦æ€§çš„认识,特别是对那些严é‡è‚¥èƒ–å’Œå˜åœ¨è‚¥èƒ–相关并å‘症的患者。
å¦ä¸€ä¸ªåå¤è¾¾æˆä¸€è‡´æ„è§çš„问题是儿童和é’少年的肥胖,我们100%的专家都åŒæ„ç›®å‰è¿™ä¸¤å¤§é’年群体的全çƒè‚¥èƒ–率æ£åœ¨ä¸Šå‡ï¼Œè€Œä¸”大多数肥胖的é’少年在æˆå¹´åŽä»ä¸ºè‚¥èƒ–。æ¤å¤–,严é‡è‚¥èƒ–çš„é’少年有患严é‡è‚¥èƒ–相关并å‘症如糖尿病ç‰çš„风险。æ¤å¤–,共识一致认为é’å°‘å¹´çš„MBS需è¦ä¸€ä¸ªç»éªŒä¸°å¯Œçš„多å¦ç§‘团队,其具有处ç†é’å°‘å¹´åŠå…¶å®¶åºé—®é¢˜çš„ç»éªŒï¼Œè€ŒåŒ»ç”Ÿå’Œå…¬ä¼—æ„识的ä¸è¶³ä»¥åŠç¼ºä¹é•¿æœŸç»“局数æ®æ˜¯è½¬è¯Šå¯èƒ½å—益于MBS术的é’å°‘å¹´çš„éšœç¢ã€‚关于数æ®ä¸è¶³ï¼Œå·²æœ‰äº”项关于MBS在é’å°‘å¹´ä¸çš„益处(包括æŒç»çš„体é‡å‡è½»ã€æ”¹å–„æŸäº›ä¸Žè‚¥èƒ–相关的并å‘症,特别是2型糖尿病,以åŠæ”¹å–„生活质é‡ï¼‰çš„èŸèƒåˆ†æžå‘表[42-46]。但分æžä¸åŒ…å«çš„ç ”ç©¶å¾ˆå°‘æœ‰è¶…è¿‡äº”å¹´çš„éšè®¿ï¼Œå‡ 乎没有追踪é’少年进入æˆå¹´æœŸçš„æ•°æ®ã€‚关于潜在的è¥å…»å’Œå‘育障ç¢çš„æ•°æ®ä¹Ÿå¾ˆå°‘[46]。
在我们的调查ä¸ï¼Œåœ¨å¦å¤–五æ¡é™ˆè¿°ä¸Šè¾¾æˆäº†ä¸€è‡´çš„共识,这些陈述都与手术治疗或术åŽéšè®¿æœ‰å…³ã€‚一致的æ„è§æ˜¯ï¼šï¼ˆ1)MBS术å‰éœ€è¦è¿›è¡Œå¤šå¦ç§‘评估[28],(2)术åŽ2-10年内æŸç§ç¨‹åº¦çš„体é‡å›žå‡æ˜¯æ£å¸¸çš„;(3)明显的体é‡å›žå‡æˆ–å˜åœ¨/æŒç»çš„与肥胖相关的医疗问题å¯èƒ½éœ€è¦è¿›ä¸€æ¥çš„医疗ã€å†…镜或外科治疗;(4)MBS术åŽçš„éšè®¿åº”该是终身的;(5)MBSä¸å¿ƒåº”与患者的åˆçº§ä¿å¥æ供者共åŒåˆä½œï¼Œç¡®ä¿å……分的éšè®¿å’ŒèŽ·å¾—其他医疗ä¿å¥ä¸“业人员的机会。关于MBSæ‚£è€…çš„é€‰æ‹©ï¼Œå‡ ä¹Žæ‰€æœ‰ä¸“å®¶ï¼ˆ95%)认为,患者整体的å¥åº·çŠ¶å†µå’Œä½“能水平ã€å¹¶å‘症的å˜åœ¨å’Œ/或性质ã€æ‚£è€…对手术和相关说明的认知能力ã€ä»¥åŠé…’精或其他物质滥用的å˜åœ¨éƒ½æ˜¯éžå¸¸é‡è¦çš„术å‰å› ç´ ã€‚
我们的结果ä¸åå¤è¡¨è¾¾äº†å¯¹è·¨è¶Šå¤šä¸ªå¦ç§‘的多个医疗ä¿å¥ä»Žä¸šäººå‘˜çš„需求,特别是对考虑è¦è¿›è¡ŒMBS的患者。æ¯ä¸ªæ‚£è€…是å¦é€‚åˆæŽ¥å—MBS应该从多å¦ç§‘的术å‰è¯„ä¼°å¼€å§‹ã€‚è¿™æ ·çš„è¯„ä¼°å¯¹äºŽè¯†åˆ«åˆå¹¶å˜åœ¨çš„医å¦ã€è¥å…»å’Œå¿ƒç†éšœç¢æˆ–治疗æˆåŠŸçš„éšœç¢ï¼Œå’Œå¯¹äºŽå°è¯•åœ¨æœ¯å‰å°½å¯èƒ½å¤šåœ°è§£å†³è¿™äº›éšœç¢æ¥è¯´ï¼Œä¹Ÿæ˜¯å¿…è¦çš„。åŒæ ·æœ‰å¿…è¦çš„是让病人为手术åšå¥½å‡†å¤‡ï¼ŒåŒ…æ‹¬æ•™è‚²ä»–ä»¬è€ƒè™‘åˆ°çŽ°å®žç›®æ ‡ã€æ½œåœ¨çš„术åŽç—‡çŠ¶ã€ä½“é‡å弹或其他挫折的高å¯èƒ½æ€§ï¼Œä»¥åŠä¹Ÿè®¸æ˜¯æœ€é‡è¦çš„一点å³éœ€è¦æŒç»çš„ã€ç»ˆèº«çš„éšè®¿ã€‚è¿™ç§å¤šæ¨¡å¼ç®¡ç†éœ€è¦å¤šå¦ç§‘团队æˆå‘˜çš„åˆä½œï¼ŒåŒ…括è¥å…»å¸ˆ/è¥å…»å¦å®¶ã€è¡Œä¸ºæ²»ç–—师ã€å†…科医生ã€å†…分泌å¦å®¶ã€å†…镜医生和外科医生。
术åŽæ‚£è€…需è¦ç»§ç»è¿›è¡ŒæŒç»çš„ã€å¤šå¦ç§‘的护ç†ï¼Œä»¥ç®¡ç†ä»–们的å‡é‡è®¡åˆ’和与肥胖相关的并å‘症。æ¤å¤–,患者还需è¦ç›‘测手术带æ¥çš„改å˜ç”Ÿæ´»çš„å½±å“,例如潜在的ç¾éš¾æ€§çš„è¥å…»ä¸è‰¯é£Žé™©ï¼Œè¿™å¯èƒ½å› 所进行的具体MBS而有所ä¸åŒ[22, 47]。鉴于最近的数æ®æ˜¾ç¤ºï¼ŒæŽ¥å—MBS治疗的é’å°‘å¹´å’Œæˆå¹´äººçš„自æ€é£Žé™©è™½ç„¶éƒ½åªæœ‰è½»å¾®å‡é«˜ï¼Œä½†ä¹Ÿå¿…须跟踪æ¯ä½æ‚£è€…的心ç†çŠ¶æ€[48, 49]。潜在的促å‘å› ç´ åŒ…æ‹¬å¼ºåˆ¶æ”¹å˜ä»–们能åƒå’Œä¸èƒ½åƒçš„食物ã€ç”±äºŽé£Ÿç‰©ä¸è€å—å¼•èµ·çš„èƒƒè‚ é“症状ã€ä»¥åŠå¯¹æœ¯åŽä½“é‡å‡è½»ç¨‹åº¦çš„未实现或ä¸åˆ‡å®žé™…的期望而导致的抑éƒã€ç„¦è™‘ã€è‡ªæˆ‘价值感é™ä½Žå’Œå…¶ä»–å½¢å¼çš„心ç†å›°æ‰°ã€‚监测对于å‘现暴饮暴食ç‰æœ‰å®³é¥®é£Ÿæ¨¡å¼çš„é‡æ–°å‡ºçŽ°ä¹Ÿè‡³å…³é‡è¦ï¼Œæ£å¦‚最近å‘表的一项èŸèƒåˆ†æžæ‰€æ˜¾ç¤ºçš„ï¼Œè¿™äº›å› ç´ é¢„ç¤ºç€æœ¯åŽä½“é‡ç®¡ç†è¾ƒå·®[50]。
æ¯ä¸ªä¸“家共识调查都å¯èƒ½å˜åœ¨åè§ï¼Œå› 为å‚与者å¯èƒ½å·²ç»å€¾å‘于使用æŸä¸€ç‰¹å®šçš„实践方法,从而æˆä¸ºä½¿ç”¨è¯¥æ–¹æ³•çš„专家。除了采用德尔è²æ–¹æ³•ï¼ˆä»¥æŠ•ç¥¨è€…匿å为特å¾ï¼Œä»Žè€Œå¾ˆå¤§ç¨‹åº¦ä¸Šæ¶ˆé™¤é»˜è®¸å差)外,我们的调查独特之处在于我们寻求了广泛的医疗从业者的æ„è§ï¼ŒåŒ…括外科医生ã€éžå¤–科医生以åŠè¥å…»å’Œå¿ƒç†å’¨è¯¢æ–¹é¢çš„éžåŒ»ç”Ÿä¸“家。除有关内镜治疗的这一模å—é™å®šè°ƒæŸ¥å¤–科和内镜医生外,所有å‚与者都被邀请对他们感到舒适的任何陈述进行投票。考虑到全çƒè‚¥èƒ–管ç†çš„差异,我们还邀请了包括ä¸ä¸œåœ°åŒºåœ¨å†…çš„æ¯ä¸ªæ°¸ä¹…有人居ä½çš„大陆的专家。通过这ç§æ–¹å¼ï¼Œæˆ‘们试图将共识调查批评者普éæŒæœ‰çš„“å¿—åŒé“åˆçš„人一起投票”的批评é™è‡³æœ€ä½Žã€‚我们进一æ¥å°†è°ƒæŸ¥é™ˆè¿°çš„措辞ä¿æŒå¹³è¡¡ï¼Œä½¿å¤§éƒ¨åˆ†é™ˆè¿°ä»¥æ—¢ä¸èµžæˆä¹Ÿä¸å对所æ出的概念/信念/方法的方å¼å‘ˆçŽ°ï¼Œå‰©ä¸‹çš„陈述在赞æˆå’Œä¸èµžæˆä¹‹é—´ä¿æŒå¹³è¡¡ã€‚æ¤å¤–,回ç”选项的顺åºè¢«è°ƒæ•´ï¼Œä»¥å°†æœ€èµžæˆçš„回ç”选项在第一到最åŽçš„ä»»æ„ä½ç½®åˆ—出。
尽管如æ¤ï¼Œæˆ‘们承认共识调查是五级è¯æ®ï¼Œå¹¶ä¸”是基于专家观点而ä¸æ˜¯å®žéªŒçš„æ•°æ®ã€‚å¦ä¸€æ–¹é¢ï¼Œæˆ‘们所有的投票者都是知å的肥胖管ç†ä¸“家,除了10%之外,都是æ¥è‡ªå¤§å¦é™„属机构并为æ¤ç±»ç ”究åšå‡ºè´¡çŒ®ï¼Œå› æ¤ä»–ä»¬æ—¢ç†Ÿæ‚‰ç›¸å…³ç ”ç©¶ï¼Œä¹Ÿå¯èƒ½æ˜¯æœ€æœ‰èµ„æ ¼è§£é‡Šå®ƒçš„äººã€‚æ¢å¥è¯è¯´ï¼Œä»–们的观点ä¸ä»…基于他们丰富的ç»éªŒï¼Œè¿˜åŸºäºŽä»–ä»¬å¯¹ç›¸å…³ç ”ç©¶çš„å¹¿æ³›äº†è§£ã€‚æ¤å¤–,æ£å¦‚最åˆæ‰€è¿°ï¼Œå½“å‰çš„共识调查是为了帮助制定IFSO:WGOè”åˆæŒ‡å—,为æ¤è¿‘1000篇科å¦å‚考文献被用æ¥æž„建讨论的框架。我们寻求的用æ¥å¸®åŠ©èµ·è‰æŒ‡å—的共识æ„è§æ˜¯é’ˆå¯¹é‚£äº›çŽ°æœ‰æ–‡çŒ®è¦ä¹ˆä¸æ˜Žç¡®ï¼ˆéœ€è¦è¿›è¡Œå¤§é‡è§£é‡Šï¼‰ï¼Œè¦ä¹ˆåœ¨å¾ˆå¤§ç¨‹åº¦ä¸Šç¼ºä¹çš„问题,特别是那些å¯èƒ½éš¾ä»¥é€šè¿‡ç»éªŒæ¥ç ”究的问题,例如内镜治疗是å¦å¯ä»¥ä»…仅出于美观的目的。
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